{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225170753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","title":"From Necessity to Opportunity: Funding Access and Sustainability of Graduate-Led Enterprises in the Niger Delta, Nigeria","display_name":"From Necessity to Opportunity: Funding Access and Sustainability of Graduate-Led Enterprises in the Niger Delta, Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225170753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281522","display_name":"IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT","issn_l":"2489-0065","issn":["2489-0065","2695-186X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158453981","display_name":"Ibim Yarwamara Ebuete","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibim Yarwamara Ebuete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bayelsa State College of Health   Technology, Otuogidi-Ogbia, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bayelsa State College of Health   Technology, Otuogidi-Ogbia, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5158453981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88833486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"105","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.042100001126527786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-entrepreneurship","display_name":"graduate entrepreneurship","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/startup-financing","display_name":"startup financing","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-finance","display_name":"informal finance","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-formal-credit","display_name":"access to formal credit","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-survival","display_name":"economic survival","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livelihoods","display_name":"livelihoods","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/niger-delta","display_name":"Niger Delta","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-sustainability","display_name":"corporate sustainability","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-development-support","display_name":"business development support","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.5787000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.5742999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28129649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926217","display_name":"Microfinance","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780082420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672483","display_name":"Access to finance","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6177178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10998070","display_name":"Discounting","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178562925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186412","display_name":"Time preference","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68062652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693","display_name":"Social capital","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017614220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal education","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64089585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944235","display_name":"Informal sector","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143910263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458","display_name":"Capital market","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380747","display_name":"Entrepreneurial finance","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102315432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649732","display_name":"Formal system","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.vol.12.no10.2026.pg105.113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281522","display_name":"IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT","issn_l":"2489-0065","issn":["2489-0065","2695-186X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100692427","https://openalex.org/W1608534798","https://openalex.org/W7220612586","https://openalex.org/W7213749158","https://openalex.org/W2801434905","https://openalex.org/W162429045","https://openalex.org/W3163699753","https://openalex.org/W7150161818","https://openalex.org/W3187565457","https://openalex.org/W7049349625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,24,184],"examines":[2],"how":[3],"graduate-led":[4],"enterprises":[5,168],"in":[6],"the":[7,103,118,150],"Niger":[8],"Delta":[9],"move":[10],"from":[11,70,218],"necessity-driven":[12],"activity":[13,32],"toward":[14],"economic":[15,45],"opportunity":[16,221],"under":[17],"conditions":[18],"of":[19,122,140],"constrained":[20],"formal":[21,48,198,209],"finance.":[22],"The":[23,61,96,137,163,183],"adopts":[25],"an":[26],"economic-survival":[27],"perspective,":[28],"which":[29,37,71],"treats":[30],"enterprise":[31],"as":[33,194],"a":[34,82,195,202],"means":[35],"through":[36,172],"individuals":[38],"secure":[39],"income,":[40],"maintain":[41],"livelihoods":[42],"and":[43,50,66,88,115,160,175,227,231],"preserve":[44],"continuity":[46],"when":[47],"employment":[49],"institutional":[51],"support":[52],"are":[53,169,211],"limited.":[54],"A":[55],"cross-sectional":[56],"survey":[57],"design":[58],"was":[59,102,149],"used.":[60],"population":[62],"comprised":[63],"5,000":[64],"graduates":[65],"emerging":[67],"graduate":[68,167],"entrepreneurs,":[69],"371":[72],"respondents":[73,141],"were":[74,92,117],"selected":[75],"using":[76],"Taro":[77],"Yamane\u2019s":[78],"finite-population":[79],"formula":[80],"at":[81],"5%":[83],"precision":[84],"level.":[85],"Frequencies,":[86],"percentages":[87],"chi-square":[89],"goodness-of-fit":[90],"tests":[91],"used":[93],"for":[94,135,197],"analysis.":[95],"corrected":[97],"results":[98],"show":[99],"that":[100,166,186,205,224],"entrepreneurship":[101],"largest":[104,138],"single":[105],"career":[106],"preference":[107],"(41.8%),":[108],"while":[109,131],"32.3%":[110],"expressed":[111],"mixed":[112],"feelings.":[113],"Family":[114],"friends":[116],"dominant":[119,151],"expected":[120,142],"source":[121],"start-up":[123,143],"finance":[124,188,223],"(60.1%),":[125],"followed":[126,156],"by":[127,157,229],"personal":[128],"savings":[129],"(24.0%),":[130],"commercial":[132],"banks":[133],"accounted":[134],"15.9%.":[136],"proportion":[139],"capital":[144],"below":[145],"\u20a6500,000":[146],"(54.0%).":[147],"Discounting":[148],"reported":[152],"sales-survival":[153],"strategy":[154],"(59.6%),":[155],"innovation":[158,232],"(22.9%)":[159],"advertising":[161],"(17.5%).":[162],"findings":[164],"indicate":[165],"largely":[170],"financed":[171],"informal":[173,187],"networks":[174],"initially":[176],"rely":[177],"on":[178],"low":[179],"capital,":[180],"survival-oriented":[181],"strategies.":[182],"argues":[185],"should":[189],"not":[190],"be":[191],"viewed":[192],"simply":[193],"substitute":[196],"credit;":[199],"it":[200],"is":[201,225],"survival":[203,219],"mechanism":[204],"enables":[206],"entry":[207],"where":[208],"institutions":[210],"difficult":[212],"to":[213,220],"access.":[214],"However,":[215],"sustained":[216],"transition":[217],"requires":[222],"scalable":[226],"accompanied":[228],"business-development":[230],"support.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}