{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225165462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","title":"Reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and compound morphological awareness in grade 2 Chinese children: a two-wave longitudinal study","display_name":"Reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and compound morphological awareness in grade 2 Chinese children: a two-wave longitudinal study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225165462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42974912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108318183","display_name":"The Journal of General Psychology","issn_l":"0022-1309","issn":["0022-1309","1940-0888"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of General Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083501602","display_name":"Hailun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4415-5560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4415-5560"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial University Key Lab of Child Cognitive Development and Mental Health, Yancheng Teachers University","School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial University Key Lab of Child Cognitive Development and Mental Health, Yancheng Teachers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160563627","display_name":"Lili Fu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160399426","display_name":"Xingyu Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160473376","display_name":"Ming Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Special Education, East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Special Education, East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005701232","display_name":"Ciping Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-538X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-538X","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5723-1000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ciping Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University","Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Affiliated Mental Health Centre (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Affiliated Mental Health Centre (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080290828","display_name":"\u5434\u5a9b\u5a9b","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160424042","display_name":"Shiyao Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160478522","display_name":"Meirong Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meirong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Science, Yancheng Teachers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005701232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91166757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphological-awareness","display_name":"morphological awareness","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compound-words","display_name":"compound words","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-knowledge","display_name":"vocabulary knowledge","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-reading","display_name":"Chinese reading","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-grade-students","display_name":"second grade students","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-literacy","display_name":"early literacy","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-association","display_name":"indirect association","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate-adjustment","display_name":"covariate adjustment","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.7529000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6906999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.6065000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4828000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020672099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Longitudinal data","level":2,"score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62737587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939179","display_name":"Vocabulary development","level":3,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82793941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046024","display_name":"Path analysis (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2674912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245423","display_name":"Compound","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779236577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421970","display_name":"Extensive reading","level":3,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779466056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107630651","display_name":"Time point","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2026.2754784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108318183","display_name":"The Journal of General Psychology","issn_l":"0022-1309","issn":["0022-1309","1940-0888"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of General Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42974912","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42974912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of general psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46719799","https://openalex.org/W1136191528","https://openalex.org/W1987787096","https://openalex.org/W1989516211","https://openalex.org/W2050423326","https://openalex.org/W2054322615","https://openalex.org/W2061835137","https://openalex.org/W2074782865","https://openalex.org/W2075930892","https://openalex.org/W2076465362","https://openalex.org/W2082165867","https://openalex.org/W2105617967","https://openalex.org/W2108926053","https://openalex.org/W2113782344","https://openalex.org/W2118447197","https://openalex.org/W2122746007","https://openalex.org/W2136158997","https://openalex.org/W2143334586","https://openalex.org/W2149290769","https://openalex.org/W2151061396","https://openalex.org/W2159045061","https://openalex.org/W2479975086","https://openalex.org/W2509029610","https://openalex.org/W2521325544","https://openalex.org/W2549194644","https://openalex.org/W2578164940","https://openalex.org/W2586125092","https://openalex.org/W2601468070","https://openalex.org/W2793298856","https://openalex.org/W2808941137","https://openalex.org/W2909828111","https://openalex.org/W2923247804","https://openalex.org/W2941154794","https://openalex.org/W2943585670","https://openalex.org/W2963033052","https://openalex.org/W3042730656","https://openalex.org/W3089537820","https://openalex.org/W4285224281","https://openalex.org/W4320167362","https://openalex.org/W4323341469","https://openalex.org/W4388820199","https://openalex.org/W4390621215","https://openalex.org/W4402283183","https://openalex.org/W4405263339","https://openalex.org/W4406582720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285736600","https://openalex.org/W2947860936","https://openalex.org/W2913992589","https://openalex.org/W4406582720","https://openalex.org/W2521325544","https://openalex.org/W1972201172","https://openalex.org/W2471689025","https://openalex.org/W7131374094","https://openalex.org/W2940506207","https://openalex.org/W2479975086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"has":[1],"established":[2],"links":[3],"between":[4,15,176],"morphological":[5],"awareness":[6],"(MA)":[7],"and":[8,18,36,48,57,87,122,155,179,192,210,229],"Chinese":[9],"reading,":[10],"but":[11],"the":[12,49,98,123,159,208,211],"prospective":[13],"association":[14,175,183],"reading":[16,32,83,101],"comprehension":[17,102],"later":[19],"MA":[20,90,109,181,194],"remains":[21],"less":[22],"understood.":[23],"This":[24],"two-wave":[25],"study":[26],"examined":[27],"longitudinally":[28,197],"adjusted":[29,66,198],"associations":[30,75],"among":[31],"comprehension,":[33,84,190],"vocabulary":[34,105,178],"knowledge,":[35],"compound":[37,89,108,180,193],"MA.":[38],"We":[39],"assessed":[40],"143":[41],"second-grade":[42],"students":[43],"at":[44],"two":[45],"time":[46],"points":[47],"complete-case":[50],"path":[51,59],"analyses":[52],"included":[53],"142":[54],"children.":[55],"Hypothesized":[56],"reverse":[58,124],"models":[60],"were":[61,76,91,148,205,214],"estimated":[62],"across":[63],"three":[64],"progressively":[65],"covariate":[67,153],"specifications,":[68],"together":[69],"with":[70,207],"a":[71,172],"concurrent-outcomes":[72,169],"model.":[73],"Indirect":[74],"evaluated":[77],"using":[78],"5,000":[79],"bias-corrected":[80],"bootstrap":[81,160],"resamples.T1":[82],"T2":[85,88,104,107,177,212],"vocabulary,":[86,191],"positively":[92],"correlated.":[93],"In":[94],"Specification":[95,146,157],"1,":[96],"both":[97,163,202],"hypothesized":[99],"T1":[100],"\u2192":[103,106],"ordering":[110,125,219],"(\u03b2":[111,126],"=":[112,115,127,130,184,187],".070,":[113],"SE":[114,129],".032,":[116],"95%":[117,132],"BC":[118,133],"CI":[119,134],"[.020,":[120],".148])":[121],".047,":[128],".026,":[131],"[.010,":[135],".113])":[136],"yielded":[137],"positive":[138],"indirect":[139],"associations.":[140,199],"The":[141,168],"indirect-association":[142],"point":[143],"estimates":[144],"in":[145,156],"2":[147],"numerically":[149],"lower":[150],"under":[151],"broader":[152],"adjustment,":[154],"3":[158],"intervals":[161],"for":[162],"orderings":[164,204],"approximately":[165],"spanned":[166],"zero.":[167],"model":[170],"showed":[171,195],"significant":[173],"residual":[174],"(standardized":[182],".265,":[185],"p":[186],".001).":[188],"Reading":[189],"close":[196],"However,":[200],"because":[201],"directional":[203],"compatible":[206],"data":[209],"constructs":[213],"measured":[215],"concurrently,":[216],"their":[217],"temporal":[218],"cannot":[220],"be":[221],"determined.":[222],"These":[223],"findings":[224],"may":[225],"inform":[226],"future":[227],"longitudinal":[228],"intervention":[230],"research.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}