{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225162807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","title":"Integrating Agrivoltaics with Water\u2013Fertilizer Management Enhances Wheat Growth and Yield in a Semi-Arid Sandy Region","display_name":"Integrating Agrivoltaics with Water\u2013Fertilizer Management Enhances Wheat Growth and Yield in a Semi-Arid Sandy Region","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225162807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101939024","display_name":"Jiayi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-9372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-9372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-9372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133527728","display_name":"Yiwen Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108249992","display_name":"Xianglong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0665-7398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0665-7398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianglong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150156633","display_name":"Jiaji Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaji Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China","Zhangwu Hongtai Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Fuxin 123200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhangwu Hongtai Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Fuxin 123200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025219163","display_name":"Muyu Tian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muyu Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123489161","display_name":"Ziqi LIU","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150311691","display_name":"Yunliang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9290-1303","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9290-1303"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunliang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160398873","display_name":"Tingting Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Black Soil Cultivation and Fertility Improvement Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Black Soil Cultivation and Fertility Improvement Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059883652","display_name":"Liang Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-2579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-2579","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0301-6400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100913160","display_name":"Liangshan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6848"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangshan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-6848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070800748","display_name":"Xiaojin Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1593-5533","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1593-5533"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138351","display_name":"Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03vnb1535","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojin Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Dryland Conservation Tillage, Shenyang 110161, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070800748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138351"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64578098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"2392","last_page":"2392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12436","display_name":"Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13009","display_name":"Agroforestry and silvopastoral systems","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agrivoltaics","display_name":"agrivoltaics","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheat-yield","display_name":"wheat yield","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-arrays","display_name":"photovoltaic arrays","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-development","display_name":"root development","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"soil moisture","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-organic-carbon","display_name":"soil organic carbon","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-yield-components","display_name":"grain yield components","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-revenue","display_name":"net revenue","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7272999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177515723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191981","display_name":"Shading","level":2,"score":0.7050999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5512999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778361644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8053545","display_name":"Yield gap","level":3,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126343540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Crop yield","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75639521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283519","display_name":"Field experiment","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132215390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461335","display_name":"Abiotic component","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993120057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Crop productivity","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67276197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063188","display_name":"Mollisol","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16397148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878333","display_name":"Tillage","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46757340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43238","display_name":"Poaceae","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.9144999980926514,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.821399986743927,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028151261","https://openalex.org/W2032842200","https://openalex.org/W2080271496","https://openalex.org/W2082353956","https://openalex.org/W2107201571","https://openalex.org/W2114706412","https://openalex.org/W2115212162","https://openalex.org/W2531749716","https://openalex.org/W2742858022","https://openalex.org/W2756313334","https://openalex.org/W2962610512","https://openalex.org/W2971800338","https://openalex.org/W3042681740","https://openalex.org/W3140117926","https://openalex.org/W3182389424","https://openalex.org/W3196430756","https://openalex.org/W4200442223","https://openalex.org/W4221083220","https://openalex.org/W4388325483","https://openalex.org/W4390600229","https://openalex.org/W4399037247","https://openalex.org/W4405237766","https://openalex.org/W4405930073","https://openalex.org/W4406123858","https://openalex.org/W4408644083","https://openalex.org/W4409602428","https://openalex.org/W4409622196","https://openalex.org/W4411085108","https://openalex.org/W4414943471","https://openalex.org/W4415008646","https://openalex.org/W7083679654","https://openalex.org/W7117892811","https://openalex.org/W7123339826","https://openalex.org/W7133223689","https://openalex.org/W7134219031","https://openalex.org/W7165885631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165885631","https://openalex.org/W7163536825","https://openalex.org/W7204103677","https://openalex.org/W4412066807","https://openalex.org/W4413143252","https://openalex.org/W4414966213","https://openalex.org/W7106702281","https://openalex.org/W3196031081","https://openalex.org/W7202174916","https://openalex.org/W7161826148"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agrivoltaics":[0],"provides":[1],"a":[2,235],"potential":[3],"pathway":[4],"to":[5,21,43,161],"integrate":[6],"crop":[7],"cultivation":[8,62],"with":[9,51,129,218,244],"solar":[10],"power":[11],"generation":[12],"in":[13,35,109,117,156,163,180,186,223,251],"arid":[14],"and":[15,41,58,91,106,112,132,138,148,169,175,193,199],"semi-arid":[16,37,252],"regions,":[17],"but":[18],"wheat":[19,56,155,249],"responses":[20],"the":[22,36,45,72,76,84,92,110,118,125,157,181,207,219,224,227],"heterogeneous":[23],"microenvironment":[24,144],"within":[25,145],"photovoltaic":[26,64,77,146],"arrays":[27,89],"remain":[28],"unclear.":[29],"A":[30],"field":[31],"experiment":[32],"was":[33,69,104],"performed":[34],"region":[38],"during":[39],"2024":[40],"2025":[42],"evaluate":[44],"effects":[46],"of":[47,154],"agrivoltaic":[48,208,232],"systems":[49,233],"equipped":[50],"integrated":[52],"water\u2013fertilizer":[53,67,149,184,204,245],"management":[54,68,246],"on":[55,140],"growth":[57],"yield.":[59],"Conventional":[60],"open-field":[61],"without":[63],"panels":[65,96,147],"or":[66],"used":[70],"as":[71],"control":[73],"(Open).":[74],"Within":[75],"arrays,":[78],"two":[79,100],"planting":[80],"positions":[81],"were":[82],"compared:":[83],"unshaded":[85],"area":[86,94,134],"between":[87],"panel":[88],"(Gap)":[90],"shaded":[93],"beneath":[95],"(Under).":[97],"Averaged":[98],"across":[99],"years,":[101],"grain":[102],"yield":[103,152,200,229],"88.6%":[105],"40.9%":[107],"greater":[108],"Gap":[111,122,158],"Under":[113,182],"treatments,":[114],"respectively,":[115],"than":[116],"Open":[119],"treatment.":[120],"The":[121,143],"treatment":[123],"showed":[124],"greatest":[126],"root":[127,130],"development,":[128],"length":[131],"surface":[133],"increasing":[135],"by":[136,172,213],"27.0%":[137],"17.9%":[139],"average,":[141],"respectively.":[142,177],"supply":[150,205],"promoted":[151],"formation":[153],"treatment,":[159,183],"contributing":[160],"increases":[162],"spike":[164],"number,":[165],"grains":[166],"per":[167],"spike,":[168],"1000-grain":[170],"weight":[171],"17.6%,":[173],"53.1%,":[174],"39.0%,":[176],"Despite":[178,202],"shading":[179],"coupling":[185],"agrivoltaics":[187,243],"improved":[188],"soil":[189],"moisture,":[190],"organic":[191],"carbon,":[192],"available":[194],"nutrients,":[195],"supporting":[196],"biomass":[197],"accumulation":[198],"formation.":[201],"additional":[203],"costs,":[206],"system":[209],"increased":[210],"net":[211],"revenue":[212],"3017":[214],"CNY":[215],"ha\u22121":[216],"compared":[217],"conventional":[220],"system.":[221],"Moreover,":[222],"drier":[225],"year,":[226],"smaller":[228],"reduction":[230],"under":[231],"indicated":[234],"climate-buffering":[236],"potential.":[237],"These":[238],"findings":[239],"suggest":[240],"that":[241],"integrating":[242],"could":[247],"enhance":[248],"productivity":[250],"sandy":[253],"regions.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}