{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225159307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","title":"Multi-stress environmental drivers of archaeological deterioration in Al-Fustat, Historic Cairo: integration of hydrochemistry, remote sensing, and urban analysis","display_name":"Multi-stress environmental drivers of archaeological deterioration in Al-Fustat, Historic Cairo: integration of hydrochemistry, remote sensing, and urban analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225159307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215460","display_name":"Water Science","issn_l":"1110-4929","issn":["1110-4929","2357-0008"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160420966","display_name":"Dalia Mohamed Metwaly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10180231","display_name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03qv51n94","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10180231"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalia Mohamed Metwaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Water Resources Department, Engineering Application and Water Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Resources Department, Engineering Application and Water Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10180231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056929770","display_name":"Hossam Hamdy Elewa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-1681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-1681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10180231","display_name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03qv51n94","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10180231"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossam Hamdy Elewa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water Resources Department, Engineering Application and Water Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Resources Department, Engineering Application and Water Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10180231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084979541","display_name":"Mohsen Mohamed Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-811X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-811X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Mohamed Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160421101","display_name":"Amany Tammam Mohammed Eid","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143517","display_name":"National Water Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04320xd69","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180606324","https://openalex.org/I4210143517"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amany Tammam Mohammed Eid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW), National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW), National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143517"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160421101"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143517"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81184984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11643","display_name":"Building materials and conservation","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11643","display_name":"Building materials and conservation","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12981","display_name":"Conservation Techniques and Studies","score":0.06360000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/al-fustat","display_name":"al-Fustat","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-salinity","display_name":"groundwater salinity","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-pollution","display_name":"nitrate contamination","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-leakage","display_name":"wastewater leakage","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-and-land-cover-change","display_name":"land use and land cover change","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat-island","display_name":"urban heat island","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-surface-temperature","display_name":"land surface temperature","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-crystallization","display_name":"salt crystallization","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historic-city-conservation","display_name":"historic city conservation","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5641000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54005896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712","display_name":"Urban heat island","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989469682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401207","display_name":"Change analysis","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539469273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749732","display_name":"Environmental monitoring","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111766609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636340","display_name":"Geothermal gradient","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215460","display_name":"Water Science","issn_l":"1110-4929","issn":["1110-4929","2357-0008"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44533-026-00093-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215460","display_name":"Water Science","issn_l":"1110-4929","issn":["1110-4929","2357-0008"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.965499997138977,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225159307.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225159307.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176355073","https://openalex.org/W206431606","https://openalex.org/W348391138","https://openalex.org/W1971381271","https://openalex.org/W1987440485","https://openalex.org/W2004776481","https://openalex.org/W2005825070","https://openalex.org/W2010452518","https://openalex.org/W2036623151","https://openalex.org/W2042548111","https://openalex.org/W2051909119","https://openalex.org/W2066153291","https://openalex.org/W2072102980","https://openalex.org/W2117706739","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2153763028","https://openalex.org/W2161241309","https://openalex.org/W2212822422","https://openalex.org/W2315157030","https://openalex.org/W2593521595","https://openalex.org/W2921832167","https://openalex.org/W2922403670","https://openalex.org/W2942607254","https://openalex.org/W3026289686","https://openalex.org/W3100578901","https://openalex.org/W3130599157","https://openalex.org/W3145825143","https://openalex.org/W4247724274","https://openalex.org/W4304592577","https://openalex.org/W4384520394","https://openalex.org/W4388192629","https://openalex.org/W4399533158","https://openalex.org/W4400666295","https://openalex.org/W4406992478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406992478","https://openalex.org/W3096778188","https://openalex.org/W2584593935","https://openalex.org/W2854332244","https://openalex.org/W2614197875","https://openalex.org/W2050448690","https://openalex.org/W3129222216","https://openalex.org/W4405800109","https://openalex.org/W4390512240","https://openalex.org/W2741592651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2,214],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,85,96,152,178,250,263],"main":[5],"environmental":[6,225],"factors":[7,226],"causing":[8],"deterioration":[9],"in":[10,14,106,151,164,174,195,201,207],"Al-Fustat":[11],"archaeological":[12,102,229,276],"area":[13],"Historic":[15],"Cairo.":[16],"A":[17],"multidisciplinary":[18],"approach":[19],"was":[20,64,79],"applied,":[21],"combining":[22],"field":[23,75],"observations,":[24,76],"hydrochemical":[25],"analysis,":[26],"remote":[27],"sensing,":[28],"and":[29,36,47,55,74,116,220,237,260,262,271],"GIS":[30],"techniques.":[31],"Water":[32],"samples":[33],"were":[34,57],"collected":[35],"analyzed":[37],"to":[38,140,148,182,197,274],"evaluate":[39],"groundwater":[40,154,216,258],"quality,":[41,261],"while":[42,77,143],"land":[43,48,166],"use/land":[44],"cover":[45],"(LULC)":[46],"surface":[49],"temperature":[50],"(LST)":[51],"changes":[52],"between":[53],"1996":[54,181,196],"2022":[56],"assessed":[58],"using":[59,84],"Landsat":[60,82],"data.":[61],"LULC":[62],"mapping":[63],"based":[65],"on":[66],"historical":[67],"land-use":[68],"maps,":[69],"Google":[70],"Earth":[71],"Pro":[72],"imagery,":[73],"LST":[78,186],"derived":[80],"from":[81,138,180,192],"data":[83],"USGS":[86],"Collection":[87],"2":[88],"Level-2":[89],"Surface":[90],"Temperature":[91],"product.":[92],"The":[93,184,213,247],"results":[94],"show":[95],"formation":[97],"of":[98,162,171,257,265],"waterlogged":[99],"zones":[100],"affecting":[101],"remains.":[103,277],"Hydrochemical":[104],"analysis":[105,158],"2026":[107],"indicates":[108],"very":[109],"high":[110],"salinity":[111],"levels,":[112],"dominated":[113],"by":[114,168],"sodium":[115],"chloride,":[117],"with":[118,126,203,228,269],"significant":[119],"nitrate":[120,144],"contamination,":[121],"which":[122],"may":[123,233],"be":[124],"associated":[125,227],"anthropogenic":[127],"sources":[128],"such":[129],"as":[130,223],"wastewater":[131],"leakage.":[132],"Total":[133],"dissolved":[134],"solids":[135],"(TDS)":[136],"ranged":[137],"22,950":[139],"82,880":[141],"mg/L,":[142],"concentrations":[145],"reached":[146],"up":[147],"6100":[149],"mg/L":[150],"shallow":[153],"samples.":[155],"Remote":[156],"sensing":[157],"reveals":[159],"an":[160],"increase":[161,206],"38.5%":[163],"urban":[165,208,221],"accompanied":[167],"a":[169,204],"reduction":[170],"approximately":[172],"80%":[173],"green":[175],"areas":[176],"during":[177],"period":[179],"2022.":[183],"mean":[185],"(":[187],"\u03bc":[188],")":[189],"values":[190],"increased":[191],"32":[193],"\u00b0C":[194,200],"about":[198],"38.54":[199],"2022,":[202],"noticeable":[205],"heat":[209],"island":[210],"(UHI)":[211],"intensity.":[212],"identifies":[215],"salinity,":[217],"elevated":[218],"temperature,":[219],"activities":[222],"important":[224],"deterioration.":[230],"These":[231],"conditions":[232,273],"promote":[234],"moisture":[235],"movement":[236],"salt":[238],"crystallization":[239],"within":[240],"building":[241],"materials,":[242],"potentially":[243],"accelerating":[244],"structural":[245],"damage.":[246],"findings":[248],"highlight":[249],"need":[251],"for":[252],"improved":[253],"drainage,":[254],"regular":[255],"monitoring":[256],"levels":[259],"use":[264],"conservation":[266],"materials":[267],"compatible":[268],"saline":[270],"damp":[272],"protect":[275]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}