{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225154276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","title":"The Changing Employment Gap: Husbands' Earnings and Married Mothers' Work, 1990--2024","display_name":"The Changing Employment Gap: Husbands' Earnings and Married Mothers' Work, 1990--2024","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225154276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23902801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132878489","display_name":"Ru Meng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109301148","display_name":"Pasadena City College","ror":"https://ror.org/01dk4b453","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109301148"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Ru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pasadena City College"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0029-9876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pasadena City College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109301148"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132878489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109301148"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10722","display_name":"Work-Family Balance Challenges","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/married-women-s-employment","display_name":"married women's employment","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-gap","display_name":"earnings gap","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/married-mothers","display_name":"married mothers","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverted-u-shaped-relationship","display_name":"inverted U-shaped relationship","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-time-employment","display_name":"full-time employment","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mothers-of-young-children","display_name":"mothers of young children","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spousal-earnings","display_name":"spousal earnings","score":0.5410000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.8438000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195069","display_name":"Current Population Survey","level":3,"score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5828999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986619947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103150","display_name":"Gender gap","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781354955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11920938","display_name":"Marital status","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776099370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647087","display_name":"Survey of Income and Program Participation","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698","display_name":"Research methodology","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194425066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257519","display_name":"Permanent income hypothesis","level":3,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777111884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Social security","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23902801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23902802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23902801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23902801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.9444000124931335,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374265379","https://openalex.org/W2052375218","https://openalex.org/W2082209241","https://openalex.org/W2027932448","https://openalex.org/W7095899902","https://openalex.org/W3091751901","https://openalex.org/W1488676180","https://openalex.org/W2917768640","https://openalex.org/W3006819824","https://openalex.org/W3122796402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"does":[1],"a":[2,203],"married":[3,31],"woman's":[4],"employment":[5,66],"vary":[6],"with":[7,200],"her":[8],"husband's":[9],"earnings,":[10],"and":[11,26,82,159,195,201,212],"has":[12],"this":[13,113],"relationship":[14],"changed?":[15],"Using":[16],"35":[17],"years":[18,122],"of":[19,47,79,89,103,109,167,183,192],"the":[20,40,75,85,136,139,157,168,173],"Current":[21],"Population":[22],"Survey":[23],"Annual":[24],"Social":[25],"Economic":[27],"Supplement":[28],"(1990\u20132024;":[29],"823,856":[30],"women":[32],"aged":[33],"25\u201354),":[34],"we":[35],"document":[36],"two":[37,140],"patterns.":[38],"First,":[39],"familiar":[41],"inverted-U":[42],"shape,":[43],"in":[44,84,120,127,156,172,189],"which":[45],"wives":[46,88,102,182],"middle":[48],"earners":[49],"are":[50,92,208,215,220],"most":[51,166],"likely":[52,97],"to":[53,98,124,149],"work,":[54],"is":[55,67,142,179,186,196],"largely":[56],"accounted":[57],"for":[58,107,133,181,198],"by":[59],"observed":[60],"characteristics,":[61],"especially":[62,176],"education.":[63],"After":[64],"adjustment,":[65],"nearly":[68],"flat":[69],"(within":[70],"one":[71],"percentage":[72,94,144],"point)":[73],"across":[74],"bottom":[76],"three":[77],"quintiles":[78],"husbands'":[80],"earnings":[81],"lower":[83],"top":[86],"two:":[87],"top-quintile":[90],"husbands":[91],"10.5":[93],"points":[95,119,126,145],"less":[96],"have":[99],"worked":[100],"than":[101],"middle-quintile":[104],"husbands.":[105],"Second,":[106],"mothers":[108,199],"children":[110],"under":[111],"6":[112],"high-earnings":[114],"gap":[115,152],"shrank":[116],"from":[117],"16.1":[118],"survey":[121],"1990\u201399":[123],"6.1":[125],"2020\u201324,":[128],"while":[129],"it":[130],"changed":[131],"little":[132],"other":[134],"wives;":[135],"difference":[137],"between":[138],"changes":[141],"9.2":[143],"(95%":[146],"CI":[147],"6.5":[148],"12.0).":[150],"The":[151],"had":[153],"stopped":[154],"narrowing":[155,170],"1990s":[158],"2000s,":[160],"as":[161],"earlier":[162],"studies":[163],"also":[164],"found;":[165],"recent":[169],"appears":[171],"2020\u201324":[174],"surveys,":[175],"2023\u201324.":[177],"It":[178],"largest":[180],"top-decile":[184],"husbands,":[185],"primarily":[187],"reflected":[188],"higher":[190],"rates":[191],"full-time":[193],"employment,":[194],"similar":[197],"without":[202],"college":[204],"degree.":[205],"All":[206],"estimates":[207],"observational":[209],"associations.":[210],"Code":[211],"replication":[213],"materials":[214],"included;":[216],"raw":[217],"IPUMS":[218],"data":[219],"not":[221],"redistributed.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}