{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225152131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","title":"Prevalence, Severity, and Functional Disability of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Ophthalmologists in Saudi Arabia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey","display_name":"Prevalence, Severity, and Functional Disability of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Ophthalmologists in Saudi Arabia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225152131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42999591","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13744175"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/opth.s640695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105513329","display_name":"Clinical ophthalmology","issn_l":"1177-5467","issn":["1177-5467","1177-5483"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007092071","display_name":"Raid Alhayaza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134359838","display_name":"Alfaisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cdrtq48","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098844","display_name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zrhbg82","country_code":"SA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raid Alhayaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Ophthalmology Department, King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ophthalmology Department, King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075690413","display_name":"Fatemah T Al Shamlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-3454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-3454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098844","display_name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zrhbg82","country_code":"SA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemah T AlShamlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Department, King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-3454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Department, King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110864400","display_name":"Abdullah Afif Alshakhs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-8528","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-8528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Afif Alshakhs","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-8528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005196213","display_name":"Hani Tamim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-4362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-4362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134359838","display_name":"Alfaisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cdrtq48","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104580","display_name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmm6v75","country_code":"LB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]}],"countries":["LB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani Tamim","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"apc_paid":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85230897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13866","display_name":"Occupational health in dentistry","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders","display_name":"work-related musculoskeletal disorders","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmologists","display_name":"ophthalmologists","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-disability","display_name":"functional disability","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-health","display_name":"occupational health","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors","display_name":"human factors","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-spine-pain","display_name":"cervical spine pain","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar-spine-pain","display_name":"lumbar spine pain","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-procedures","display_name":"laser procedures","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmic-surgery","display_name":"ophthalmic surgery","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9516000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.6194999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780907711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852163","display_name":"Low back pain","level":3,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993918154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131","display_name":"Functional impairment","level":2,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017433307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405478","display_name":"Lumbar spine","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776501849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5781808","display_name":"Back pain","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79544238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423243","display_name":"Activities of daily living","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780610925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6940405","display_name":"Musculoskeletal injury","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44575665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405","display_name":"Lumbar","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993471631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116663","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2147/opth.s640695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105513329","display_name":"Clinical ophthalmology","issn_l":"1177-5467","issn":["1177-5467","1177-5483"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42999591","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42999591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae35d3be740c4fdea16a43bec3f5f093","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae35d3be740c4fdea16a43bec3f5f093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 20, Iss Issue 1, Pp 1-14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dovepress.com/121801","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-severity-and-functional-disability-of-work-related-musculos-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401012","display_name":"Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/opth.s640695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s640695","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105513329","display_name":"Clinical ophthalmology","issn_l":"1177-5467","issn":["1177-5467","1177-5483"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225152131.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225152131.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996501324","https://openalex.org/W2162951521","https://openalex.org/W2752988394","https://openalex.org/W4377862455","https://openalex.org/W4379536144"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416293194","https://openalex.org/W4288042926","https://openalex.org/W4200270960","https://openalex.org/W7154994125","https://openalex.org/W3154840974","https://openalex.org/W2955577951","https://openalex.org/W2011386767","https://openalex.org/W4396229834","https://openalex.org/W2902427518","https://openalex.org/W3112392495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Ophthalmology":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3],"clinical":[4],"and":[5,29,38,54,60,78,81,107,138,150,181,200,215],"surgical":[6],"specialty":[7],"with":[8,203],"high":[9],"physical":[10],"demands.":[11],"Despite":[12],"advancements":[13],"in":[14,45,72,197],"ophthalmic":[15],"equipment,":[16],"improper":[17],"ergonomic":[18],"practices":[19],"contribute":[20],"to":[21],"work-related":[22],"musculoskeletal":[23],"disorders":[24],"(WMSDs),":[25],"affecting":[26],"practitioners'":[27],"performance":[28],"productivity.":[30],"Purpose:":[31],"This":[32],"study":[33],"investigated":[34],"the":[35,49,95],"prevalence,":[36],"severity,":[37],"functional":[39],"disability":[40,58],"of":[41],"WMSDs":[42,119,190],"among":[43,194],"ophthalmologists":[44,70,195],"Saudi":[46,73,198],"Arabia":[47,199],"using":[48,94],"Total":[50],"Disability":[51],"Index":[52],"(TDI)":[53],"examining":[55],"associations":[56,103],"between":[57,104],"severity":[59],"task-related":[61,108,205],"difficulty.":[62,206],"Methods:":[63],"A":[64],"national":[65],"cross-sectional":[66],"survey":[67],"included":[68],"280":[69,115],"practicing":[71,196],"Arabia,":[74],"recruited":[75],"through":[76],"institutional":[77],"professional":[79],"channels":[80],"convenience-based":[82],"dissemination.":[83],"Data":[84],"were":[85,154],"collected":[86],"from":[87],"Jan-Apr":[88],"2025.":[89],"Functional":[90],"impairment":[91],"was":[92,127],"assessed":[93],"validated":[96],"14-item":[97],"TDI.":[98],"Multivariable":[99],"logistic":[100],"regression":[101],"modeled":[102],"TDI":[105,125,158],"scores":[106,159],"pain,":[109],"adjusting":[110],"for":[111],"confounders.":[112],"Results:":[113],"Among":[114],"ophthalmologists,":[116],"85.7%":[117],"reported":[118],"symptoms,":[120],"most":[121,155],"commonly":[122],"weekly.":[123],"Mean":[124],"score":[126],"8.0":[128],"\u00b1":[129],"9.3.":[130],"Most":[131],"(90.0%)":[132],"had":[133,142],"minimal":[134],"disability,":[135],"8.6%":[136],"moderate,":[137],"1.4%":[139],"severe.":[140],"None":[141],"crippling":[143],"or":[144],"bed-bound":[145],"disability.":[146],"The":[147],"cervical":[148],"(27.9%)":[149],"lumbar":[151],"spine":[152],"(25.7%)":[153],"affected.":[156],"Higher":[157],"independently":[160],"predicted":[161],"pain":[162],"during":[163],"clinic":[164],"examinations":[165],"(adjusted":[166],"OR":[167],"=":[168,176,184],"1.124;":[169],"p":[170,178,186],"<":[171,179,187],"0.001),":[172,180],"laser":[173],"procedures":[174],"(OR":[175,183],"1.064;":[177],"surgery":[182],"1.065;":[185],"0.001).":[188],"Conclusion:":[189],"are":[191,201],"highly":[192],"prevalent":[193],"associated":[202],"measurable":[204],"These":[207],"findings":[208],"support":[209],"structured":[210],"ergonomics":[211],"education,":[212],"exercise":[213],"programs,":[214],"institution-level":[216],"workplace":[217],"modifications.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
