{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225150616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","title":"TECHNOLOGY, REGULATION, AND THE DIVERGENT TRAJECTORIES OF RETAIL AND CROSS-BORDER CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY","display_name":"TECHNOLOGY, REGULATION, AND THE DIVERGENT TRAJECTORIES OF RETAIL AND CROSS-BORDER CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225150616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.61543/div.v4i3.207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","pdf_url":"https://syntificpublisher.com/index.php/diversity/article/download/207/168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387997509","display_name":"DIVERSITY Logic Journal Multidisciplinary","issn_l":"2988-571X","issn":["2988-571X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIVERSITY Logic Journal Multidisciplinary","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://syntificpublisher.com/index.php/diversity/article/download/207/168","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119307394","display_name":"Hasta Dwi Pradana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-8165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-8165"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193621155","display_name":"Indonesia Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zwesg40","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193621155"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hasta Dwi Pradana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Terbuka, South Tangerang"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Terbuka, South Tangerang","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193621155"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119307394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193621155"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89811305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"196","last_page":"218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7954000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7954000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.120899997651577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13346","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Financial Services","score":0.04100000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-bank-digital-currency","display_name":"central bank digital currency","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cbdc-regulation","display_name":"CBDC regulation","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retail-cbdc","display_name":"retail CBDC","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-border-payments","display_name":"international payments","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-blockchain-architecture","display_name":"hybrid blockchain architecture","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-design","display_name":"cryptographic design","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-enhancing-technologies","display_name":"privacy-enhancing technologies","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-money-laundering","display_name":"anti-money laundering","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-adoption","display_name":"user adoption","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stablecoins","display_name":"stablecoins","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger-technology","display_name":"distributed ledger technology","score":0.7749999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.6614999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5859000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992735868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66344","display_name":"Central bank","level":3,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088","display_name":"Commodity","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777544581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931754","display_name":"Face value","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777088900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1629885","display_name":"Store of value","level":3,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139043278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837171","display_name":"Financial services","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122941539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Electronic money","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112083","display_name":"Virtual currency","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156152238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1548025","display_name":"Retail banking","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.61543/div.v4i3.207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","pdf_url":"https://syntificpublisher.com/index.php/diversity/article/download/207/168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387997509","display_name":"DIVERSITY Logic Journal Multidisciplinary","issn_l":"2988-571X","issn":["2988-571X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIVERSITY Logic Journal Multidisciplinary","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.61543/div.v4i3.207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.61543/div.v4i3.207","pdf_url":"https://syntificpublisher.com/index.php/diversity/article/download/207/168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387997509","display_name":"DIVERSITY Logic Journal Multidisciplinary","issn_l":"2988-571X","issn":["2988-571X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIVERSITY Logic Journal Multidisciplinary","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225150616.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225150616.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W2079283960","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2157509893","https://openalex.org/W2946506390","https://openalex.org/W2948020579","https://openalex.org/W2964523010","https://openalex.org/W2981077025","https://openalex.org/W2992101963","https://openalex.org/W2999044884","https://openalex.org/W3047794938","https://openalex.org/W3102398258","https://openalex.org/W3107242448","https://openalex.org/W3122159891","https://openalex.org/W3124663043","https://openalex.org/W3134867369","https://openalex.org/W3203730690","https://openalex.org/W4205524014","https://openalex.org/W4212873955","https://openalex.org/W4226348880","https://openalex.org/W4230747085","https://openalex.org/W4251241846","https://openalex.org/W4280640147","https://openalex.org/W4282946357","https://openalex.org/W4284958013","https://openalex.org/W4290851814","https://openalex.org/W4312268973","https://openalex.org/W4321482469","https://openalex.org/W4322722004","https://openalex.org/W4377234393","https://openalex.org/W4381687235","https://openalex.org/W4385318664","https://openalex.org/W4388572081","https://openalex.org/W4392706973","https://openalex.org/W4415208452","https://openalex.org/W6941746664","https://openalex.org/W6963222998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414200817","https://openalex.org/W7160498623","https://openalex.org/W7154948776","https://openalex.org/W7220952127","https://openalex.org/W7128398310","https://openalex.org/W3009952230","https://openalex.org/W4312465677","https://openalex.org/W7138862076","https://openalex.org/W4405237727","https://openalex.org/W7112751896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"Central":[1],"bank":[2,235],"digital":[3,236],"currency":[4],"(CBDC)":[5],"sits":[6],"where":[7],"fast-moving":[8,14],"cryptographic":[9,52,133,159],"and":[10,23,25,36,54,67,70,77,101,108,119,130,135,147,152,198,201,203,219,230],"ledger":[11,241],"technology":[12],"meets":[13],"regulation,":[15],"yet":[16],"the":[17,99,125,148,175],"two":[18],"are":[19,28,180],"usually":[20,29],"studied":[21,225],"separately,":[22],"retail":[24,76,202],"cross-border":[26,78,172,204,243],"uses":[27],"treated":[30],"as":[31],"one":[32],"object.":[33],"Between":[34],"2024":[35,187],"2026":[37,93],"major":[38],"jurisdictions":[39],"made":[40],"sharply":[41],"different":[42,207],"regulatory":[43,61],"choices.":[44],"Research":[45,80],"Purpose.":[46],"This":[47],"review":[48],"examines":[49],"how":[50,71],"advanced":[51],"solutions":[53],"hybrid":[55],"blockchain":[56],"architectures":[57,145],"interact":[58],"with":[59,215,227],"evolving":[60],"frameworks":[62],"to":[63],"shape":[64,189],"economic":[65],"outcomes":[66,190],"user":[68],"adoption,":[69],"that":[72,221],"interaction":[73],"differs":[74],"between":[75,150],"implementations.":[79],"Method.":[81],"We":[82,210],"conduct":[83],"a":[84,102,212],"critical":[85],"review.":[86],"A":[87],"Scopus":[88],"search":[89],"on":[90,132,136],"8":[91],"October":[92],"(1,418":[94],"records,":[95],"1,045":[96],"retained)":[97],"maps":[98],"field,":[100],"purposive":[103],"selection":[104],"of":[105],"peer-reviewed":[106],"studies":[107],"official":[109],"publications":[110],"is":[111,155,163],"synthesised":[112],"around":[113],"four":[114,216],"research":[115],"questions.":[116],"Findings.":[117],"Technology":[118,197],"regulation":[120,199],"terms":[121],"co-occur":[122],"at":[123],"about":[124],"level":[126],"expected":[127],"by":[128,182],"chance,":[129],"evidence":[131],"feasibility":[134,194],"adoption":[137,162],"comes":[138],"largely":[139],"from":[140],"separate":[141],"literatures.":[142],"Hybrid,":[143],"two-tier":[144],"dominate,":[146],"tension":[149],"privacy":[151],"anti-money":[153],"laundering":[154],"increasingly":[156],"handled":[157],"through":[158],"design.":[160],"Retail":[161],"weak":[164],"in":[165],"every":[166],"live":[167],"system":[168],"reviewed,":[169],"while":[170],"wholesale":[171],"arrangements":[173],"show":[174],"clearest":[176],"technological":[177],"value":[178],"but":[179],"limited":[181],"governance.":[183],"Regulatory":[184],"choices":[185],"since":[186],"now":[188],"more":[191],"than":[192],"technical":[193],"does.":[195],"Conclusion.":[196],"co-evolve,":[200],"CBDC":[205,222],"face":[206],"binding":[208],"constraints.":[209],"offer":[211],"co-evolution":[213],"framework":[214],"falsifiable":[217],"propositions":[218],"argue":[220],"should":[223],"be":[224],"together":[226],"regulated":[228],"stablecoins":[229],"tokenised":[231],"deposits.":[232],"Keywords:":[233],"central":[234],"currency,":[237],"privacy-enhancing":[238],"technologies,":[239],"distributed":[240],"technology,":[242],"payments,":[244],"financial":[245],"regulation.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
