{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225147359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","title":"Nigerian Militants Increasingly Employ Digital Warfare","display_name":"Nigerian Militants Increasingly Employ Digital Warfare","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225147359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23932852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158601295","display_name":"Mustapha Aminah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4111-8033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4111-8033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustapha, Aminah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4111-8033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5158601295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91385469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14111","display_name":"Diverse Research Studies Overview","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-warfare","display_name":"cyber warfare","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boko-haram","display_name":"Boko Haram","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iswap","display_name":"ISWAP","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jihadist-militancy","display_name":"jihadist militancy","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encrypted-messaging","display_name":"encrypted messaging","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-propaganda","display_name":"social media propaganda","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-media","display_name":"synthetic media","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremist-recruitment","display_name":"extremist recruitment","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterterrorism","display_name":"counterterrorism","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity-law","display_name":"cybersecurity law","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-shutdowns","display_name":"internet shutdowns","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-moderation","display_name":"content moderation","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encrypted-communication","display_name":"encrypted communication","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072","display_name":"Militant","level":3,"score":0.9693999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171769113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849340","display_name":"Cyberwarfare","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779948991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6047930","display_name":"Internal security","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101780184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840576","display_name":"Dissemination","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780526558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345314","display_name":"Good governance","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509929229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312693","display_name":"International security","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2767350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6662173","display_name":"Business intelligence","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79165680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280151","display_name":"Security studies","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23932852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23932853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23932852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23932852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967948354","https://openalex.org/W7212831247","https://openalex.org/W7161839524","https://openalex.org/W6968496584","https://openalex.org/W2940421035","https://openalex.org/W2896621574","https://openalex.org/W3000744759","https://openalex.org/W7134942723","https://openalex.org/W3209557183","https://openalex.org/W7134922367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,112],"examines":[2,139],"how":[3,69],"militant":[4,38,84],"organizations":[5],"in":[6,89,146],"Nigeria,":[7],"particularly":[8],"Boko":[9],"Haram":[10],"and":[11,27,36,51,62,74,104,124,131,151,157],"the":[12,42,80,96,140,147],"Islamic":[13],"State\u2013West":[14],"Africa":[15],"Province":[16],"(ISWAP),":[17],"are":[18,78],"increasingly":[19],"integrating":[20],"digital":[21,76,134],"technologies":[22],"into":[23],"their":[24],"recruitment,":[25],"propaganda,":[26,71],"operational":[28,81],"strategies.":[29],"Drawing":[30],"on":[31],"open-source":[32],"intelligence,":[33],"security":[34,145],"assessments,":[35],"documented":[37],"activities,":[39],"it":[40],"explores":[41],"exploitation":[43],"of":[44,83,98,154],"encrypted":[45,158],"messaging":[46,77],"platforms,":[47],"algorithm-driven":[48],"social":[49],"media,":[50,73],"emerging":[52],"artificial":[53,155],"intelligence":[54,135,156],"tools":[55],"to":[56],"disseminate":[57],"extremist":[58],"narratives,":[59],"coordinate":[60],"attacks,":[61],"expand":[63],"recruitment":[64],"networks.":[65],"The":[66,111],"analysis":[67],"highlights":[68],"AI-generated":[70],"synthetic":[72],"localized":[75],"transforming":[79],"capabilities":[82],"groups":[85],"while":[86],"exposing":[87],"weaknesses":[88],"Nigeria\u2019s":[90],"counterterrorism":[91],"infrastructure.":[92],"It":[93,137],"further":[94],"evaluates":[95],"limitations":[97],"existing":[99],"cybersecurity":[100],"legislation,":[101],"interagency":[102],"coordination,":[103],"restrictive":[105],"measures":[106],"such":[107],"as":[108],"internet":[109],"shutdowns.":[110],"argues":[113],"that":[114],"addressing":[115],"digitally":[116],"enabled":[117],"militancy":[118],"requires":[119],"stronger":[120],"collaboration":[121],"between":[122],"governments":[123],"technology":[125],"companies,":[126],"improved":[127],"local-language":[128],"content":[129],"moderation,":[130],"more":[132],"sophisticated":[133],"capabilities.":[136],"also":[138],"broader":[141],"implications":[142],"for":[143],"regional":[144],"Lake":[148],"Chad":[149],"Basin":[150],"international":[152],"governance":[153],"communications.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}