{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225138753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Borderline or Abnormal Ankle\u2013Brachial Index Findings among Hospitalised Adults in Singapore: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Borderline or Abnormal Ankle\u2013Brachial Index Findings among Hospitalised Adults in Singapore: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225138753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11154889/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11154889/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081813104","display_name":"Nanthakumahrie Gunasegaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-1245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-1245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nanthakumahrie Gunasegaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065954889","display_name":"Fazila Binte Abu Bakar Aloweni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8435-5068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8435-5068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazila Aloweni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078997242","display_name":"Darshini Devi Rajasegeran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4989-4872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4989-4872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darshini Devi Rajasegeran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078603760","display_name":"Wee Ting Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-0156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-0156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wee Ting Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160471517","display_name":"Min Jia Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Jia Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113299287","display_name":"Hui Ru Chong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Ru Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414198","display_name":"Ying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3236-6870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3236-6870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026786626","display_name":"Orlanda Qi Mei Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-2703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-2703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orlanda Qi Mei Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071695601","display_name":"Tze Tec Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-4303","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-4303"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tze Tec Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040244883","display_name":"Shin Yuh Ang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-7012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-7012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin Yuh Ang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore General Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore General Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066115293","display_name":"Kee Chen Elaine Siow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kee Chen Elaine Siow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10926","display_name":"Peripheral Artery Disease Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10926","display_name":"Peripheral Artery Disease Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10924","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11554","display_name":"Vascular Procedures and Complications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankle-brachial-index","display_name":"ankle-brachial index","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-arterial-disease","display_name":"peripheral arterial disease","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-assessment","display_name":"cardiovascular risk assessment","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalized-adults","display_name":"hospitalized adults","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age","display_name":"age","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singapore","display_name":"Singapore","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-factors","display_name":"cardiovascular risk factors","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-singaporeans","display_name":"Singapore Chinese","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-differences-in-cardiovascular-risk","display_name":"ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9103000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292","display_name":"Asymptomatic","level":2,"score":0.6875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6032999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018348675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4797557","display_name":"Arterial disease","level":3,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266890","display_name":"Vascular disease","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11154889/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11154889/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11154889/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320761","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225138753.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225138753.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981675767","https://openalex.org/W1983596732","https://openalex.org/W2031799897","https://openalex.org/W2048003486","https://openalex.org/W2059796825","https://openalex.org/W2092150503","https://openalex.org/W2098023146","https://openalex.org/W2106781922","https://openalex.org/W2127319987","https://openalex.org/W2140136269","https://openalex.org/W2148374679","https://openalex.org/W2151923432","https://openalex.org/W2158916547","https://openalex.org/W2163951953","https://openalex.org/W2332559082","https://openalex.org/W2342634071","https://openalex.org/W2797015499","https://openalex.org/W2959853492","https://openalex.org/W3041029858","https://openalex.org/W3043802872","https://openalex.org/W3131240095","https://openalex.org/W3167366374","https://openalex.org/W4225095644","https://openalex.org/W4243204328","https://openalex.org/W4280599303","https://openalex.org/W4362696650","https://openalex.org/W4389144292","https://openalex.org/W4399974122","https://openalex.org/W4414307365","https://openalex.org/W7169837216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389262759","https://openalex.org/W2562915351","https://openalex.org/W4400367315","https://openalex.org/W7204155449","https://openalex.org/W2065482140","https://openalex.org/W2127319987","https://openalex.org/W7223689848","https://openalex.org/W4405923446","https://openalex.org/W2046535678","https://openalex.org/W2368988742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Peripheral":[2],"arterial":[3],"disease":[4],"(PAD)":[5],"is":[6,26],"frequently":[7],"under-recognised":[8],"because":[9],"individuals":[10,40,301],"may":[11,37,305],"be":[12],"asymptomatic":[13],"or":[14,117,191,274,321],"present":[15],"with":[16,135,230,235,302],"atypical":[17],"symptoms.":[18],"Although":[19],"an":[20,171,307],"ankle\u2013brachial":[21],"index":[22],"(ABI)":[23],"<":[24],"0.90":[25],"considered":[27],"abnormal":[28,112,172,181,192,275,319],"and":[29,46,95,99,102,174,217,314,334,340],"suggestive":[30],"of":[31,44,283],"PAD,":[32,293],"borderline":[33,51,115,168,190,303],"ABI":[34,52,104,108,124,138,148,158,169,193,232,240,276,304,320],"values":[35,241],"(0.91\u20130.99)":[36],"also":[38],"identify":[39,132],"at":[41,86,165,178,187],"increased":[42],"risk":[43,312],"PAD":[45,78],"cardiovascular":[47,311],"disease.":[48],"Evidence":[49],"on":[50],"among":[53,70,202],"general":[54],"hospitalised":[55,284],"adults":[56,71,285],"in":[57,90,159,254,280],"Singapore":[58,91],"remains":[59],"limited.":[60],"Methods":[61],"A":[62,141],"cross-sectional":[63],"study":[64],"using":[65],"convenience":[66],"sampling":[67],"was":[68,109,129],"conducted":[69],"aged":[72,286],"\u2265":[73,287],"50":[74,288],"years":[75,289],"without":[76,170,244,290],"known":[77],"who":[79],"were":[80,106,121,199,227,278],"admitted":[81],"to":[82,131,318,330,343],"Internal":[83],"Medicine":[84],"wards":[85],"a":[87],"tertiary":[88],"hospital":[89],"between":[92],"February":[93],"2024":[94],"April":[96],"2025.":[97],"Demographic":[98],"clinical":[100,197,345],"characteristics":[101],"bilateral":[103,147,256],"measurements":[105],"collected.":[107],"classified":[110],"as":[111],"(<":[113],"0.90),":[114],"(0.91\u20130.99),":[116],"normal":[118,157,201,296],"(1.00\u20131.40).":[119],"Characteristics":[120],"compared":[122],"across":[123],"groups,and":[125],"multivariable":[126,206],"linear":[127,142],"regression":[128],"used":[130],"factors":[133],"associated":[134,229],"the":[136,255],"lowest":[137],"per":[139],"participant.":[140],"mixed-effects":[143,257],"model":[144,258],"accounted":[145],"for":[146,309],"measurements.":[149],"Results":[150],"Among":[151],"122":[152],"participants,":[153],"83":[154],"(68.0%)":[155],"had":[156,164,177,186,237],"both":[160],"limbs,":[161],"29":[162],"(23.8%)":[163],"least":[166,179,188],"one":[167,180,189],"ABI,":[173],"10":[175],"(8.2%)":[176],"ABI.":[182],"Overall,":[183],"39":[184],"(32.0%)":[185],"finding.":[194],"Routine":[195],"lower-limb":[196],"findings":[198,277,333],"predominantly":[200,295],"affected":[203],"limbs.":[204],"In":[205],"analysis,":[207],"increasing":[208],"age":[209],"(B":[210,220],"=":[211,215,221,225,247,261,265,270],"\u2212":[212,222],"0.002,":[213],"p":[214,224,260,264,269],"0.018)":[216],"higher":[218,238],"BMI":[219],"0.005,":[223],"0.006)":[226],"independently":[228],"lower":[231],"values.":[233],"Participants":[234],"diabetes":[236,245,267],"adjusted":[239],"than":[242],"those":[243],"(p":[246],"0.027).":[248],"These":[249],"associations":[250],"remained":[251],"statistically":[252],"significant":[253],"(age,":[259],"0.030;":[262],"BMI,":[263],"0.002;":[266],"mellitus,":[268],"0.033).":[271],"Conclusion":[272],"Borderline":[273],"identified":[279],"approximately":[281],"one-third":[282],"previously":[291],"diagnosed":[292],"despite":[294],"bedside":[297],"vascular":[298,337],"findings.":[299],"Identifying":[300],"provide":[306],"opportunity":[308],"earlier":[310],"assessment":[313,338],"follow-up":[315],"before":[316],"progression":[317],"clinically":[322],"recognised":[323],"PAD.":[324],"Larger":[325],"multicentre":[326],"studies":[327],"are":[328],"needed":[329],"confirm":[331],"these":[332],"evaluate":[335],"targeted":[336],"strategies":[339],"their":[341],"potential":[342],"improve":[344],"outcomes.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}