{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225138013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","title":"Subtype-Specific Treatment of Autoimmune Myocarditis","display_name":"Subtype-Specific Treatment of Autoimmune Myocarditis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225138013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42972640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173369630","display_name":"Cardiology in Review","issn_l":"1061-5377","issn":["1061-5377","1538-4683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiology in Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139031967","display_name":"Zi Yong Goh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62370553","display_name":"IMU University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4wjw61","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62370553"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zi Yong Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMU Clinical Campus Seremban, IMU University, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMU Clinical Campus Seremban, IMU University, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62370553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111401490","display_name":"Rumaiza Ahmad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974024","display_name":"Baqai Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2x9m21","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974024"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rumaiza Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057553801","display_name":"Bhavya Chadalavada","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799409606","display_name":"Reading Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04kk13p96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799409606"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavya Chadalavada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital\u2013Tower Health, West Reading, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital\u2013Tower Health, West Reading, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799409606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133336505","display_name":"Yonas Alhafez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132735039","display_name":"University of Debrecen","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf66n48","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132735039"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonas Alhafez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132735039"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077679511","display_name":"Akhila N. Thota","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhila N. Thota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke\u2019s Hospital, Chesterfield, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Luke\u2019s Hospital, Chesterfield, MO","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023025629","display_name":"Mariam Raza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peel Med Clinic, Brampton, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peel Med Clinic, Brampton, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160546584","display_name":"Farah Naz Ahmad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287366011","display_name":"Dubai Health Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcrt245","country_code":"AE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287366011"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Naz Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dubai Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dubai Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287366011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160569827","display_name":"Reem Elbashir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145354842","display_name":"University of Medical Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01rztx461","country_code":"SD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145354842"]}],"countries":["SD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reem Elbashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145354842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383153","display_name":"Min Gyu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-0083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-0083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Gyu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125668188","display_name":"Khaled Abu Hejleh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Abu Hejleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University of Health and Science, Chicago, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University of Health and Science, Chicago, IL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107630404","display_name":"Daler Rahimov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8055-6101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8055-6101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149251103","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysqcn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daler Rahimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiac Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149251103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87206747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11112","display_name":"Viral Infections and Immunology Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11112","display_name":"Viral Infections and Immunology Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11194","display_name":"Ocular Diseases and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Syndrome","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12291","display_name":"Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-myocarditis","display_name":"autoimmune myocarditis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/giant-cell-myocarditis","display_name":"giant cell myocarditis","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eosinophilic-myocarditis","display_name":"eosinophilic myocarditis","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-sarcoidosis","display_name":"cardiac sarcoidosis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated-myocarditis","display_name":"immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosuppressive-therapy","display_name":"immunosuppressive therapy","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticosteroids","display_name":"corticosteroids","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-therapy","display_name":"biologic therapy","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-related-toxicity","display_name":"treatment toxicity","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-escalation","display_name":"treatment escalation","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fulminant-myocarditis","display_name":"fulminant myocarditis","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology","display_name":"histopathology","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781107259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508364","display_name":"Fulminant","level":2,"score":0.7523999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780252810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455316","display_name":"Immunosuppression","level":2,"score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780875844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186235","display_name":"Myocarditis","level":2,"score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5407000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16930687","display_name":"Therapeutic approach","level":3,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21705690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2907609","display_name":"CTLA-4","level":4,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2745824","display_name":"Immunopathology","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018449070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signalling pathways","level":3,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780130043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192360","display_name":"Autoimmunity","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779075594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8084905","display_name":"Autoimmune disease","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000001507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173369630","display_name":"Cardiology in Review","issn_l":"1061-5377","issn":["1061-5377","1538-4683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiology in Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42972640","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42972640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiology in review","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955956272","https://openalex.org/W1983466715","https://openalex.org/W1984625745","https://openalex.org/W1991445486","https://openalex.org/W2000621290","https://openalex.org/W2004365919","https://openalex.org/W2010909136","https://openalex.org/W2019186253","https://openalex.org/W2038955879","https://openalex.org/W2039855971","https://openalex.org/W2071778509","https://openalex.org/W2110253130","https://openalex.org/W2130472267","https://openalex.org/W2145188061","https://openalex.org/W2153685749","https://openalex.org/W2155622293","https://openalex.org/W2242989522","https://openalex.org/W2342191844","https://openalex.org/W2552306469","https://openalex.org/W2554521173","https://openalex.org/W2559029339","https://openalex.org/W2615817830","https://openalex.org/W2762343916","https://openalex.org/W2765379565","https://openalex.org/W2789315292","https://openalex.org/W2901299602","https://openalex.org/W2903759577","https://openalex.org/W2950056455","https://openalex.org/W2955922102","https://openalex.org/W2959591820","https://openalex.org/W2963818273","https://openalex.org/W2971773892","https://openalex.org/W2999324438","https://openalex.org/W3002425056","https://openalex.org/W3024437261","https://openalex.org/W3034894621","https://openalex.org/W3040042837","https://openalex.org/W3092415006","https://openalex.org/W3104355321","https://openalex.org/W3130258350","https://openalex.org/W3196349822","https://openalex.org/W3199272359","https://openalex.org/W3210474759","https://openalex.org/W4200331560","https://openalex.org/W4210705406","https://openalex.org/W4210848103","https://openalex.org/W4213451609","https://openalex.org/W4220655342","https://openalex.org/W4220837239","https://openalex.org/W4223571319","https://openalex.org/W4282040002","https://openalex.org/W4283704197","https://openalex.org/W4285387202","https://openalex.org/W4289336441","https://openalex.org/W4293217929","https://openalex.org/W4293776739","https://openalex.org/W4306692674","https://openalex.org/W4321598981","https://openalex.org/W4362450175","https://openalex.org/W4362523744","https://openalex.org/W4378902229","https://openalex.org/W4385318672","https://openalex.org/W4385462285","https://openalex.org/W4388539915","https://openalex.org/W4389891248","https://openalex.org/W4391694561","https://openalex.org/W4391964023","https://openalex.org/W4392095834","https://openalex.org/W4393864350","https://openalex.org/W4394917766","https://openalex.org/W4398234581","https://openalex.org/W4399394654","https://openalex.org/W4400038203","https://openalex.org/W4401777144","https://openalex.org/W4404439176","https://openalex.org/W4405231021","https://openalex.org/W4405651550","https://openalex.org/W4411103239","https://openalex.org/W4413039147","https://openalex.org/W4413804311","https://openalex.org/W4414533978","https://openalex.org/W4416928094","https://openalex.org/W7128069189","https://openalex.org/W7130684749","https://openalex.org/W7140636915","https://openalex.org/W7150783520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2892799838","https://openalex.org/W3010610146","https://openalex.org/W2260174551","https://openalex.org/W3024437261","https://openalex.org/W4400668177","https://openalex.org/W7125118287","https://openalex.org/W1911943885","https://openalex.org/W2054174034","https://openalex.org/W3012898435","https://openalex.org/W2278627981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autoimmune":[0],"myocarditis":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3],"distinct":[4],"therapeutic":[5,66],"challenge:":[6],"similar":[7],"clinical":[8,55],"syndromes":[9],"may":[10],"arise":[11],"from":[12,81],"fundamentally":[13],"different":[14,20],"immune":[15,43],"mechanisms":[16],"and":[17,47,62,83,99,121,136],"therefore":[18],"require":[19],"treatments.":[21],"This":[22],"narrative":[23],"review":[24],"synthesizes":[25],"current":[26],"evidence":[27],"for":[28,133],"the":[29,107,112,128,140],"management":[30,100,141],"of":[31,101,114,142],"giant":[32],"cell":[33],"myocarditis,":[34,36,42,46],"eosinophilic":[35],"cardiac":[37],"sarcoidosis,":[38],"systemic":[39],"autoimmune":[40,143],"disease-associated":[41],"checkpoint":[44],"inhibitor-associated":[45],"virus-negative":[48],"immune-mediated":[49],"lymphocytic":[50],"myocarditis.":[51,144],"We":[52,92],"examine":[53],"how":[54],"severity,":[56],"histopathology,":[57],"infectious":[58],"exclusion,":[59],"extracardiac":[60],"disease,":[61],"treatment":[63,95],"toxicity":[64],"shape":[65],"decisions.":[67],"Although":[68],"cardiovascular":[69],"stabilization":[70],"follows":[71],"shared":[72],"principles,":[73],"immunosuppressive":[74],"strategies":[75],"vary":[76],"substantially":[77],"across":[78],"subtypes,":[79,106],"ranging":[80],"corticosteroids":[82],"multidrug":[84],"immunosuppression":[85],"to":[86],"targeted":[87],"biologic":[88],"or":[89],"molecular":[90],"therapies.":[91],"also":[93],"discuss":[94],"escalation,":[96],"monitoring":[97],"response,":[98],"fulminant":[102],"presentations.":[103],"Across":[104],"all":[105],"central":[108],"challenge":[109],"is":[110],"balancing":[111],"urgency":[113],"suppressing":[115],"myocardial":[116],"inflammation":[117],"against":[118],"diagnostic":[119],"uncertainty":[120],"treatment-related":[122],"risk.":[123],"A":[124],"subtype-directed":[125],"approach":[126],"offers":[127],"most":[129],"clinically":[130],"meaningful":[131],"framework":[132],"selecting":[134],"therapy":[135],"improving":[137],"consistency":[138],"in":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
