{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225137484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","title":"Cognitive Scaffold or Neural Crutch? An fNIRS Analysis of Self-Reported Generative AI Dependency and Cognitive Performance from Controlled Tasks and GAI-Mediated Reading Comprehension: How Interaction Strategies Mediate Prefrontal Oxygenation and Performance","display_name":"Cognitive Scaffold or Neural Crutch? An fNIRS Analysis of Self-Reported Generative AI Dependency and Cognitive Performance from Controlled Tasks and GAI-Mediated Reading Comprehension: How Interaction Strategies Mediate Prefrontal Oxygenation and Performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225137484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160546016","display_name":"Chitra Thirumalaisamy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chitra Thirumalaisamy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063632994","display_name":"Eiko Takaoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2199-8803","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2199-8803"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eiko Takaoka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89148269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.4690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.4690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.225600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14114","display_name":"Digital Media and Philosophy","score":0.03400000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-offloading","display_name":"cognitive offloading","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemodynamic-response","display_name":"hemodynamic response","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-performance","display_name":"task performance","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-fluency","display_name":"semantic fluency","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensatory-neural-recruitment","display_name":"compensatory neural recruitment","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interaction-strategies","display_name":"interaction strategies","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-adults","display_name":"young adults","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6428999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185711340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5347381","display_name":"Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance","level":3,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150420422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141238","display_name":"Cognitive resource theory","level":3,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97530452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7920939","display_name":"Verbal fluency test","level":4,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498506","display_name":"Cognitive training","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119653847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327780","display_name":"Elementary cognitive task","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34898788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168047064","https://openalex.org/W7203592333","https://openalex.org/W7223150075","https://openalex.org/W7128596753","https://openalex.org/W7172412805","https://openalex.org/W7221190874","https://openalex.org/W7116699886","https://openalex.org/W7204228078","https://openalex.org/W7168555760","https://openalex.org/W4403637393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Generative":[1],"Artificial":[2],"Intelligence":[3],"integrates":[4],"into":[5,106],"cognitive":[6,24],"workflows,":[7],"understanding":[8],"its":[9],"neurobehavioral":[10],"impact":[11],"is":[12],"critical.":[13],"This":[14],"exploratory":[15],"study":[16],"investigated":[17],"how":[18],"self-reported":[19],"GAI":[20,100,126],"dependency":[21,51],"associates":[22],"with":[23,32],"performance":[25],"and":[26,42,49,99,110,143],"prefrontal/temporal":[27],"hemodynamics.":[28],"Experiment":[29],"was":[30],"conducted":[31],"82":[33],"young":[34],"adults":[35],"across":[36],"two":[37],"experimental":[38],"phases":[39],"involving":[40],"unassisted":[41,46,92],"GAI-mediated":[43,90],"tasks.":[44],"During":[45,89],"tasks,":[47],"high":[48],"low":[50],"groups":[52],"showed":[53,119],"no":[54],"substantial":[55],"behavioral":[56],"differences,":[57],"except":[58],"for":[59],"marginal":[60],"Phase":[61],"1":[62],"category":[63],"fluency":[64],"trend":[65],"(p":[66],"=":[67],"0.049).":[68],"However,":[69],"uncorrected":[70],"fNIRS":[71],"data":[72],"tracked":[73],"elevated":[74],"oxygenated":[75],"hemoglobin":[76],"(\u0394HbO)":[77],"in":[78],"high-dependency":[79,102],"group,":[80],"tentatively":[81],"suggesting":[82],"localized":[83],"patterns":[84],"of":[85],"compensatory":[86],"neural":[87,122],"recruitment.":[88],"task,":[91],"low-dependency":[93],"group":[94,103],"served":[95],"as":[96,140],"organic":[97],"control,":[98],"granted":[101],"spontaneously":[104],"bifurcated":[105],"non-users,":[107],"intermittent":[108,125],"users,":[109],"complete":[111],"offloaders.":[112],"While":[113],"offloaders":[114],"completed":[115],"tasks":[116],"faster,":[117],"they":[118],"reduced":[120],"localised":[121],"engagement,":[123],"whereas":[124],"users":[127],"maintained":[128],"a":[129],"neuro-hemodynamic":[130],"profile":[131],"similar":[132],"to":[133],"controls.":[134],"These":[135],"findings":[136],"are":[137],"interpreted":[138],"strictly":[139],"provisional,":[141],"hypothesis-generating,":[142],"require":[144],"independent,":[145],"systemically":[146],"balanced":[147],"empirical":[148],"validation.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}