{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225137371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","title":"Ghost rivers beneath cities: a major blind spot of flood-risk governance","display_name":"Ghost rivers beneath cities: a major blind spot of flood-risk governance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225137371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11082904/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11082904/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082661409","display_name":"Celso Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-9732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-9732"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celso Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-9732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002111169","display_name":"Jorge Lorenzo\u2010Lacruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-1776","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-1776"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974976","display_name":"Universidad de La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/0553yr311","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of La Rioja"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of La Rioja","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079818580","display_name":"Batalla Ramon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramon Batalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lleida"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lleida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072548664","display_name":"Enrique Mor\u00e1n\u2010Tejeda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-0893","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-0893"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Mor\u00e1n-Tejeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051113948","display_name":"Aaron Ortega-Mclear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6189-6468","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6189-6468"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Ortega-Mclear","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Baleairc Islands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Baleairc Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160471092","display_name":"S\u00f2nia Vives S\u00f2nia Vives","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00f2nia Vives S\u00f2nia Vives","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11119","display_name":"Urban Stormwater Management Solutions","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-flood-risk","display_name":"urban flood risk","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-risk-governance","display_name":"flood risk governance","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-risk-mapping","display_name":"flood risk mapping","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-floods","display_name":"flash floods","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-sealing","display_name":"soil sealing","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catchment-morphometry","display_name":"catchment morphometry","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-rainfall","display_name":"extreme rainfall","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-cities","display_name":"coastal cities","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediterranean-coast","display_name":"Mediterranean coast","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spain","display_name":"Spain","score":0.7210000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120417685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860333","display_name":"Flash flood","level":3,"score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.604200005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.5954999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42090638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4048907","display_name":"STREAMS","level":2,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155681218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193110","display_name":"Floodplain","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4646841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13996","display_name":"Mediterranean climate","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39410599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433179","display_name":"Natural hazard","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166566181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065","display_name":"Natural disaster","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644371","display_name":"International airport","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108615695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12880211","display_name":"Coal mining","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909164965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6014597","display_name":"Incident report","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11082904/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11082904/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11082904/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.6618000268936157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337753","display_name":"Interreg","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225137371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225137371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161476351","https://openalex.org/W1549241827","https://openalex.org/W1991412274","https://openalex.org/W2014831132","https://openalex.org/W2083845968","https://openalex.org/W2099524802","https://openalex.org/W2107629325","https://openalex.org/W2115601063","https://openalex.org/W2269036835","https://openalex.org/W2551790965","https://openalex.org/W2997965710","https://openalex.org/W3119415889","https://openalex.org/W3155681152","https://openalex.org/W3197442505","https://openalex.org/W4229369671","https://openalex.org/W4231736634","https://openalex.org/W4295837118","https://openalex.org/W4400090588","https://openalex.org/W4401918708","https://openalex.org/W7129502257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408102169","https://openalex.org/W7163739596","https://openalex.org/W959207184","https://openalex.org/W2675474681","https://openalex.org/W2584153980","https://openalex.org/W4405642001","https://openalex.org/W4206158918","https://openalex.org/W2529798479","https://openalex.org/W4401890095","https://openalex.org/W7154986846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"cities":[2,67],"expand":[3],"over":[4],"floodplains,":[5],"the":[6,28,32,70,79,97,111,115,123,128,131,149],"streams":[7,63],"crossing":[8],"them":[9],"are":[10,125],"occasionally":[11],"buried;":[12],"yet":[13],"these":[14,62,121],"ghost":[15,40],"rivers":[16,41],"keep":[17],"their":[18],"hydrological":[19],"function,":[20],"generating":[21],"runoff":[22],"and":[23,37,52,68,93],"flash":[24],"floods":[25],"that":[26,85],"endanger":[27],"populations":[29],"above.":[30],"For":[31],"first":[33],"time,":[34],"we":[35],"located":[36],"inventoried":[38],"50":[39],"entombed":[42],"during":[43],"twentieth-century":[44],"urbanisation":[45],"of":[46,61,114,120],"Spain's":[47],"Mediterranean":[48],"coast,":[49],"a":[50],"climate-change":[51],"tourism":[53],"hotspot":[54],"repeatedly":[55],"struck":[56],"by":[57],"catastrophic":[58],"floods.":[59],"Three-quarters":[60],"lie":[64],"beneath":[65,72],"coastal":[66],"resorts;":[69],"remainder":[71],"intensive":[73],"agriculture.":[74],"Most":[75],"(64%)":[76],"fall":[77],"outside":[78],"official":[80],"flood-risk":[81],"register,":[82],"an":[83],"exclusion":[84],"does":[86],"not":[87,102],"track":[88],"physical":[89],"hazard":[90],"(catchment":[91],"morphometry":[92],"soil":[94],"sealing).":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"unrecognised":[98],"catchments":[99],"receive":[100],"more,":[101],"less,":[103],"extreme":[104],"rainfall.":[105],"This":[106,136],"registration":[107],"pattern":[108],"instead":[109],"reflects":[110],"social":[112],"geography":[113],"coast:":[116],"among":[117],"377,625":[118],"residents":[119],"catchments,":[122],"poorer":[124],"captured":[126],"in":[127,140],"map":[129],"while":[130],"wealthier":[132],"remain":[133],"administratively":[134],"invisible.":[135],"structural":[137],"blind":[138],"spot":[139],"urban":[141],"flood":[142],"governance":[143],"has":[144],"potential":[145],"implications":[146],"far":[147],"beyond":[148],"Mediterranean.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
