{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225129592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","title":"Stage-dependent activity of curcumin-rosmarinic acid against Leishmania donovani: Synergy in amastigotes","display_name":"Stage-dependent activity of curcumin-rosmarinic acid against Leishmania donovani: Synergy in amastigotes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225129592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42970607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46544255","display_name":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases","issn_l":"1935-2727","issn":["1935-2727","1935-2735"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027940860","display_name":"Christine Achiaa Antwi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262780","display_name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens","ror":"https://ror.org/054yged29","country_code":"GH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262780"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Achiaa Antwi Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana","West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464","https://openalex.org/I4405262780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065000676","display_name":"Jacob Kwaku Donkor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262780","display_name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens","ror":"https://ror.org/054yged29","country_code":"GH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262780"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Kwaku Donkor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana","West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464","https://openalex.org/I4405262780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110034300","display_name":"Lauve Rachel Tchokouaha Yamth\u00e9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135279","display_name":"Institut de Recherches M\u00e9dicales et d\u2019Etudes des Plantes M\u00e9dicinales","ror":"https://ror.org/047448m94","country_code":"CM","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135279"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauve Rachel Tchokouaha Yamthe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019018602","display_name":"Calvin Tiengwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-6502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-6502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calvin Tiengwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047721982","display_name":"Theresa Manful Gwira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-7965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-7965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262780","display_name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens","ror":"https://ror.org/054yged29","country_code":"GH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262780"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theresa Manful Gwira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana","West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-7965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464","https://openalex.org/I4405262780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047721982"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464","https://openalex.org/I4405262780"],"apc_list":{"value":2670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2670},"apc_paid":{"value":2670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2670},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87504485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"e0014844","last_page":"e0014844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13767","display_name":"Leech Biology and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curcumin","display_name":"curcumin","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rosmarinic-acid","display_name":"rosmarinic acid","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leishmania-donovani","display_name":"Leishmania donovani","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visceral-leishmaniasis","display_name":"visceral leishmaniasis","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-synergy","display_name":"drug synergy","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-chelation","display_name":"iron chelation","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-metabolism","display_name":"iron metabolism","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amastigotes","display_name":"amastigotes","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/promastigotes","display_name":"promastigotes","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrophage-activation","display_name":"macrophage activation","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrite-production","display_name":"nitrite production","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrophage-cytokines","display_name":"macrophage-derived cytokines","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nramp1","display_name":"NRAMP1","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferritin","display_name":"ferritin","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenolic-compounds","display_name":"phenolic compounds","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-therapy","display_name":"combination therapy","score":0.47999998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98319499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455445","display_name":"Amastigote","level":4,"score":0.819100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781333301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1950752","display_name":"Leishmania donovani","level":4,"score":0.7996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79879829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Intracellular","level":2,"score":0.7813000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184204","display_name":"Macrophage","level":3,"score":0.6567000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781092759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524818","display_name":"Leishmania","level":3,"score":0.5760999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153726182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3720909","display_name":"Intracellular parasite","level":3,"score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778771215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50380051","display_name":"Rosmarinic acid","level":3,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127561419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224527","display_name":"Downregulation and upregulation","level":3,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775858924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18034009","display_name":"CD163","level":4,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49039625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84230","display_name":"Secretion","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781184567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107244","display_name":"Monocyte","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17991360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21173843","display_name":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776179834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72158415","display_name":"Nitrite","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46544255","display_name":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases","issn_l":"1935-2727","issn":["1935-2727","1935-2735"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42970607","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42970607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014844&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46544255","display_name":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases","issn_l":"1935-2727","issn":["1935-2727","1935-2735"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321902","display_name":"Ghana Education Trust Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/03fhdst60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225129592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225129592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1925193485","https://openalex.org/W1972051185","https://openalex.org/W1973654371","https://openalex.org/W1974844038","https://openalex.org/W1976087502","https://openalex.org/W1976257717","https://openalex.org/W1977179270","https://openalex.org/W1981753435","https://openalex.org/W1989306682","https://openalex.org/W1989430504","https://openalex.org/W1990053148","https://openalex.org/W1996094668","https://openalex.org/W1998394184","https://openalex.org/W2002907671","https://openalex.org/W2004350668","https://openalex.org/W2011657572","https://openalex.org/W2015248217","https://openalex.org/W2016562927","https://openalex.org/W2019733207","https://openalex.org/W2021497905","https://openalex.org/W2032824798","https://openalex.org/W2037434205","https://openalex.org/W2041202357","https://openalex.org/W2044074007","https://openalex.org/W2064030733","https://openalex.org/W2065210647","https://openalex.org/W2069654854","https://openalex.org/W2072093321","https://openalex.org/W2081472479","https://openalex.org/W2082152237","https://openalex.org/W2082221119","https://openalex.org/W2082820997","https://openalex.org/W2085367500","https://openalex.org/W2088888259","https://openalex.org/W2094512466","https://openalex.org/W2096153302","https://openalex.org/W2105121902","https://openalex.org/W2107464924","https://openalex.org/W2108933100","https://openalex.org/W2110190607","https://openalex.org/W2110428898","https://openalex.org/W2112191861","https://openalex.org/W2117934439","https://openalex.org/W2120307572","https://openalex.org/W2125829020","https://openalex.org/W2134509830","https://openalex.org/W2136428555","https://openalex.org/W2138645583","https://openalex.org/W2142161087","https://openalex.org/W2145904172","https://openalex.org/W2148253800","https://openalex.org/W2150535512","https://openalex.org/W2151431560","https://openalex.org/W2152378482","https://openalex.org/W2160728506","https://openalex.org/W2164205276","https://openalex.org/W2167352194","https://openalex.org/W2174098335","https://openalex.org/W2275619434","https://openalex.org/W2402277907","https://openalex.org/W2564113516","https://openalex.org/W2601462595","https://openalex.org/W2739495570","https://openalex.org/W2772786573","https://openalex.org/W2809470587","https://openalex.org/W2907810549","https://openalex.org/W2918132354","https://openalex.org/W2939367718","https://openalex.org/W2942841616","https://openalex.org/W2969557732","https://openalex.org/W2982555156","https://openalex.org/W2993578331","https://openalex.org/W3016791670","https://openalex.org/W3037816123","https://openalex.org/W3081208031","https://openalex.org/W3106906779","https://openalex.org/W3136078582","https://openalex.org/W3165455377","https://openalex.org/W3209036622","https://openalex.org/W4211061384","https://openalex.org/W4211227609","https://openalex.org/W4285042657","https://openalex.org/W4290861339","https://openalex.org/W4324091452","https://openalex.org/W4387598723","https://openalex.org/W4394921327","https://openalex.org/W4416780233","https://openalex.org/W4417114382","https://openalex.org/W7154497288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918132354","https://openalex.org/W7100892633","https://openalex.org/W2110428898","https://openalex.org/W2010748671","https://openalex.org/W2809470587","https://openalex.org/W1978038339","https://openalex.org/W2920486365","https://openalex.org/W2101789840","https://openalex.org/W2969557732","https://openalex.org/W4225834009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Leishmania":[1],"donovani":[2,44,73,232],"causes":[3],"visceral":[4],"leishmaniasis,":[5],"a":[6,206,249],"severe":[7],"and":[8,26,51,62,67,75,114,120,177,190,193,211,239,258],"fatal":[9],"parasitic":[10],"disease":[11],"that":[12],"affects":[13],"the":[14,34,89,148],"world's":[15],"most":[16],"impoverished":[17],"populations.":[18],"Iron":[19],"metabolism":[20,50],"is":[21],"fundamental":[22],"in":[23,68,79,259],"parasite":[24],"survival":[25],"host":[27,46],"immunity.":[28],"In":[29,221],"this":[30,222],"study,":[31,223],"we":[32],"investigated":[33],"potential":[35],"use":[36],"of":[37,48,172,203,213,229],"iron-chelating":[38],"compounds":[39,57],"to":[40,147],"inhibit":[41],"intracellular":[42,76,108,151,195,230],"L.":[43,72,231],"through":[45],"regulation":[47],"iron":[49,196,218,241],"macrophage":[52,117,166,237],"activation.":[53],"METHODS:":[54],"Four":[55],"phenolic":[56],"(curcumin,":[58],"rosmarinic":[59],"acid,":[60],"apigenin,":[61],"hesperidin)":[63],"were":[64,86,183],"screened":[65],"individually":[66],"fixed-ratio":[69],"combinations":[70,226],"against":[71,135,150],"promastigotes":[74,136],"amastigotes":[77,152,233],"cultured":[78],"RAW":[80],"264.7":[81],"murine":[82],"macrophages.":[83],"Drug":[84],"interactions":[85],"assessed":[87],"using":[88],"overall":[90],"mean":[91],"fractional":[92],"inhibitory":[93],"concentration":[94],"index":[95],"([Formula:":[96,137,153],"see":[97,138,154],"text]\u01a9FICI)":[98],"averaged":[99],"across":[100],"four":[101],"fixed":[102],"ratios.":[103],"Mechanistic":[104],"approaches":[105],"involved":[106],"measuring":[107],"iron,":[109],"reactive":[110],"oxygen":[111],"species":[112],"(ROS)":[113],"nitrite":[115,191],"production,":[116,192],"cytokine":[118],"profiles,":[119],"iron-regulatory":[121],"gene":[122],"expression.":[123],"RESULTS:":[124],"The":[125],"Curcumin-rosmarinic":[126],"acid":[127,225,247],"(Cur-Ros)":[128],"combination":[129,251],"exhibited":[130],"stage-dependent":[131],"activity:":[132],"additive":[133],"effects":[134],"text]\u01a9FICI":[139,155],"=":[140,156],"0.93)":[141],"but":[142],"synergistic":[143,250],"effects,":[144],"though":[145],"close":[146],"threshold,":[149],"0.49),":[157],"with":[158,216,236,255],"selectivity":[159],"indexes":[160],"(SI)":[161],"\u226510.":[162],"Treatments":[163],"enhanced":[164,188],"pro-inflammatory":[165],"activation":[167,238],"characterized":[168],"by":[169],"increased":[170],"secretion":[171],"Tumor":[173],"Necrosis":[174],"Factor-alpha":[175],"(TNF-\u03b1)":[176],"Monocyte":[178],"chemoattractant":[179],"protein-1":[180],"(MCP-1).":[181],"There":[182],"decreased":[184],"interleukin-10":[185],"(IL-10)":[186],"levels,":[187],"ROS":[189],"reduced":[194],"availability.":[197],"Gene":[198],"expression":[199],"analysis":[200],"indicated":[201],"upregulation":[202],"NRAMP1":[204],"(SLC11A1,":[205],"phagosomal":[207],"divalent":[208],"metal":[209],"transporter)":[210],"downregulation":[212],"ferritin,":[214],"consistent":[215],"altered":[217,240],"homeostasis.":[219,242],"CONCLUSIONS:":[220],"curcumin-rosmarinic":[224,246],"inhibited":[227],"growth":[228],"synergistically,":[234],"correlating":[235],"These":[243],"findings":[244],"identify":[245],"as":[248],"warranting":[252],"further":[253],"investigation":[254],"appropriate":[256],"formulation":[257],"vivo":[260],"validation.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}