{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225126755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","title":"Sexual dimorphism across threespine stickleback ecotypes: a species-wide analysis with a White Sea marine case study","display_name":"Sexual dimorphism across threespine stickleback ecotypes: a species-wide analysis with a White Sea marine case study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225126755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2026-0091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146329739","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","issn_l":"0008-4301","issn":["0008-4301","1480-3283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070474329","display_name":"Dmitry Lajus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2264-5825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2264-5825"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitry Lajus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Marine Institute, Tallinn, Estonia;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Marine Institute, Tallinn, Estonia;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160330808","display_name":"Ahmed Salem AbdelAziz Dorgham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Salem AbdelAziz Dorgham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Cairo, Egypt;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture Research Center, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Cairo, Egypt;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160370659","display_name":"Anastasia Olegovna Yurtseva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680271","display_name":"Zoological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05snbjh64","country_code":"RU","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I2801680271","https://openalex.org/I4210129690"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Olegovna Yurtseva","raw_affiliation_strings":["FSBIS Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Ichthyology, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FSBIS Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Ichthyology, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039261697","display_name":"Ekaterina V. Nadtochii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-6078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-6078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","display_name":"St Petersburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/023znxa73","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekaterina Viktorovna Nadtochii","raw_affiliation_strings":["St Petersburg State University, Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St Petersburg State University, Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003209451","display_name":"Ulrika Candolin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-7793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-7793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrika Candolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, ;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043379761","display_name":"\u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-7387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-7387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","display_name":"St Petersburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/023znxa73","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail Valerievich Ivanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["St Petersburg State University, Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St Petersburg State University, Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90696145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.8022000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.8022000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.1324000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12319","display_name":"Fish Biology and Ecology Studies","score":0.05510000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-dimorphism","display_name":"sexual dimorphism","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gasterosteus-aculeatus","display_name":"Gasterosteus aculeatus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecotypes","display_name":"ecotypes","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anadromous-populations","display_name":"anadromous populations","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-depth","display_name":"body depth","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorsal-spines","display_name":"dorsal spines","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-length","display_name":"standard length","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-shape","display_name":"body shape","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-adaptation","display_name":"local adaptation","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-sea","display_name":"White Sea","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780558290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134491","display_name":"Gasterosteus","level":3,"score":0.9147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.9096999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105083479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181497","display_name":"Sexual dimorphism","level":2,"score":0.8999000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778938320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215420","display_name":"Stickleback","level":3,"score":0.7728000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10860467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296519","display_name":"Ecotype","level":2,"score":0.6556000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5435000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776432219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270322","display_name":"Gerridae","level":3,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780354846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24962946","display_name":"Local adaptation","level":3,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172269249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108555493","display_name":"Marine invertebrates","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117773394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852569","display_name":"Fish migration","level":3,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153026981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519888","display_name":"Allometry","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130981225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206913","display_name":"Sexual selection","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66698415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139127","display_name":"Life history theory","level":3,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176771619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7189434","display_name":"Phylogenetic comparative methods","level":4,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78991832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027700","display_name":"Niche differentiation","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63644423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338562","display_name":"Interspecific competition","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26772143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572872","display_name":"Reproductive isolation","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33511622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851434","display_name":"Morphometrics","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125390029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1297859","display_name":"Species complex","level":4,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13376991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587698","display_name":"Ectotherm","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780143047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725450","display_name":"Melanism","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13474642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43806","display_name":"Invertebrate","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776759703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066907","display_name":"Longevity","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2026-0091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146329739","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","issn_l":"0008-4301","issn":["0008-4301","1480-3283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211783545","https://openalex.org/W2124006600","https://openalex.org/W2074277915","https://openalex.org/W2035915518","https://openalex.org/W4415597253","https://openalex.org/W7055137560","https://openalex.org/W4304889427","https://openalex.org/W7201057244","https://openalex.org/W2171198113","https://openalex.org/W2131771682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sexual":[0,23],"dimorphism":[1],"(SD)":[2],"can":[3],"contribute":[4],"to":[5,46,68,113,136,140,149,181],"local":[6],"adaptation":[7],"and":[8,83,101,118,178,189],"evolutionary":[9],"diversification,":[10],"but":[11],"species-wide":[12],"comparisons":[13,166],"are":[14],"hindered":[15],"by":[16],"heterogeneous":[17,48],"published":[18],"datasets.":[19],"We":[20],"developed":[21],"the":[22,76,84,95,106,132,141,150,168],"Dimorphism":[24],"Ternary":[25],"Index":[26],"(SDTI),":[27],"coding":[28],"each":[29],"trait\u2013sample":[30],"comparison":[31],"as":[32],"\u22121":[33],"(significant":[34,43],"female":[35],"bias),":[36,45],"0":[37],"(no":[38],"significant":[39,91,164],"difference),":[40],"or":[41],"+1":[42],"male":[44],"integrate":[47],"data":[49],"on":[50],"threespine":[51],"stickleback,":[52],"Gasterosteus":[53],"aculeatus":[54],"Linnaeus,":[55],"1758,":[56],"into":[57],"a":[58,90,160],"comparative":[59],"dataset.":[60],"Correlation-guided":[61],"hierarchical":[62],"aggregation":[63],"reduced":[64],"11":[65],"overlapping":[66],"traits":[67,169],"four":[69],"weakly":[70],"correlated":[71],"variables:":[72],"standard":[73],"length":[74],"(SL),":[75],"head\u2013posterior":[77],"composite":[78,86],"(HPC),":[79],"body":[80],"depth":[81],"(BD1),":[82],"dorsal-spine":[85,119],"(DSs).":[87],"PERMANOVA":[88],"detected":[89],"ecotype":[92],"effect,":[93],"with":[94],"clearest":[96,107],"contrast":[97],"occurring":[98],"between":[99],"marine":[100],"freshwater":[102],"populations;":[103],"BD1":[104],"showed":[105],"single-variable":[108],"separation.":[109],"Marine":[110],"populations":[111],"tended":[112],"exhibit":[114],"more":[115],"male-biased":[116,165],"body-depth":[117],"dimorphism,":[120],"whereas":[121],"SL":[122],"was":[123,147],"consistently":[124],"female-biased":[125],"across":[126,167],"ecotypes.":[127],"The":[128],"framework":[129],"also":[130],"allowed":[131],"White":[133],"Sea":[134],"samples":[135],"be":[137],"positioned":[138],"relative":[139],"major":[142],"ecotypes:":[143],"their":[144,154],"mean":[145,157],"profile":[146],"closest":[148],"anadromous":[151],"centroid,":[152],"while":[153],"high":[155],"signed":[156],"SDTI":[158,172],"reflected":[159],"net":[161],"predominance":[162],"of":[163,191],"examined.":[170],"Although":[171],"does":[173],"not":[174],"measure":[175],"effect":[176],"magnitude":[177],"is":[179],"sensitive":[180],"statistical":[182],"power,":[183],"it":[184],"identifies":[185],"patterns":[186],"in":[187],"direction":[188],"organization":[190],"sexual":[192],"dimorphism.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}
