{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225125774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","title":"Five-year Production and Economic Performance of Composite Carp Polyculture under Smallholder Management in Manipur, Northeast India: Implications for Aquaculture Extension","display_name":"Five-year Production and Economic Performance of Composite Carp Polyculture under Smallholder Management in Manipur, Northeast India: Implications for Aquaculture Extension","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225125774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220150","display_name":"Archives of Current Research International","issn_l":"2454-7077","issn":["2454-7077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013571311","display_name":"Ningthoukhongjam Soranganba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-9483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-9483"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningthoukhongjam Soranganba","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICAR-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICAR-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029140259","display_name":"Kangjam Sonamani Singh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179420787","display_name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04fw54a43","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangjam Sonamani Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["KVK Chandel, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KVK Chandel, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160357605","display_name":"Sumit Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097692","display_name":"Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zw5g161","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097692"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Fisheries, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya, 224229, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Fisheries, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya, 224229, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034076789","display_name":"Khumlo Levish Chongloi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179420787","display_name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04fw54a43","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khumlo Levish Chongloi","raw_affiliation_strings":["KVK Chandel, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KVK Chandel, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110555290","display_name":"R.K. Roshan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. K. Roshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["KVK Tamenglong ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KVK Tamenglong ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120571163","display_name":"KH Brajamani Meetei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kh. Brajamani Meetei","raw_affiliation_strings":["KVK Bisnupur, Utlou, Bisnupur District, Manipur, 795134, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KVK Bisnupur, Utlou, Bisnupur District, Manipur, 795134, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160358821","display_name":"Hmannihring Anal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hmannihring Anal","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICAR-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICAR-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160367591","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Pandey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Kumar Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICAR-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICAR-KVK Churachandpur, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160367992","display_name":"S. Basanta Singh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111975","display_name":"ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region","ror":"https://ror.org/023azs158","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Basanta Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014817743","display_name":"Amulya Kumar Mohanty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4326-3404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4326-3404","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6056-2983"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179420787","display_name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04fw54a43","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179420787"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255076","display_name":"ICAR - Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02kg4rn42","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. K. Mohanty","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Zone-VII, Umiam (Barapani),  Meghalaya, 793103, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Zone-VII, Umiam (Barapani),  Meghalaya, 793103, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179420787","https://openalex.org/I4405255076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90083511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"105","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14405","display_name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14405","display_name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13899","display_name":"Agricultural Systems and Practices","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10450","display_name":"Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-aquaculture","display_name":"smallholder aquaculture","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-major-carps","display_name":"Indian major carps","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grass-carp","display_name":"grass carp","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benefit-cost-ratio","display_name":"benefit-cost ratio","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-returns","display_name":"economic returns","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-intensification","display_name":"sustainable intensification","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaculture-extension","display_name":"aquaculture extension","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hands-on-learning","display_name":"hands-on learning","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livelihood-security","display_name":"livelihood security","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manipur","display_name":"Manipur","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68701300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2739133","display_name":"Polyculture","level":4,"score":0.9847999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157005057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220212","display_name":"Monoculture","level":2,"score":0.8912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202050865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35852","display_name":"Hectare","level":3,"score":0.8256999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777407658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76115","display_name":"Silver carp","level":3,"score":0.6162999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5605999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.5267999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86909935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188989","display_name":"Aquaculture","level":3,"score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776963538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81110","display_name":"Common carp","level":4,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","level":3,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776083151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311423","display_name":"Leucaena","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778709658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4887470","display_name":"Benefit\u2013cost ratio","level":4,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781208722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853859","display_name":"Intercropping","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220150","display_name":"Archives of Current Research International","issn_l":"2454-7077","issn":["2454-7077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05849242v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05849242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International, 2026, 26 (11), pp.105-115","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220150","display_name":"Archives of Current Research International","issn_l":"2454-7077","issn":["2454-7077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7825999855995178,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7155516813","https://openalex.org/W4409082490","https://openalex.org/W3148834396","https://openalex.org/W4385953942","https://openalex.org/W7218055782","https://openalex.org/W4207018312","https://openalex.org/W2916139554","https://openalex.org/W4409601347","https://openalex.org/W2121202764","https://openalex.org/W2806625951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smallholder":[0],"aquaculture":[1,39,249],"in":[2,51,82,213,251],"Northeast":[3],"India":[4],"remains":[5],"substantially":[6],"below":[7],"national":[8],"productivity":[9,180],"levels":[10],"despite":[11],"abundant":[12],"freshwater":[13],"resources,":[14],"presenting":[15],"a":[16,41,66,122,138,157],"key":[17],"opportunity":[18],"for":[19,238],"sustainable":[20,239],"intensification":[21],"aligned":[22],"with":[23,130,156,228],"SDGs":[24],"1,":[25],"2,":[26],"and":[27,48,62,74,102,137,181,247],"14.":[28],"This":[29,55],"study":[30,56],"documents":[31,57],"the":[32,145,173,217,252],"transition":[33],"from":[34,169],"subsistence":[35],"monoculture":[36,111,166],"to":[37,243],"commercial":[38],"using":[40,95],"composite":[42,67,232],"polyculture":[43,69,119,174,234],"system":[44,70,120,146],"(Indian":[45,71],"major":[46,72],"carps":[47,73],"grass":[49,75],"carp)":[50,76],"Churachandpur":[52,83],"district,":[53,84],"Manipur.":[54],"production":[58,89,124],"metrics,":[59],"economic":[60,214],"returns,":[61],"management":[63],"practices":[64],"of":[65,125,135,142,152,160],"carp":[68,233],"managed":[77],"by":[78],"23":[79],"smallholder":[80],"farmers":[81],"Manipur,":[85],"across":[86,216],"five":[87,218],"consecutive":[88],"cycles":[90],"(2018\u20132023).":[91],"Performance":[92],"was":[93],"assessed":[94],"descriptive":[96],"statistics,":[97],"benefit-cost":[98,158],"ratio":[99,141,159],"(BCR),":[100],"ROI,":[101],"independent":[103],"samples":[104],"t-tests":[105],"(\u03b1":[106],"=":[107,114,192,195],"0.05)":[108],"against":[109,164,201],"published":[110,165],"baselines":[112],"(n":[113],"12":[115],"reference":[116,167],"systems).":[117],"The":[118,209],"achieved":[121],"mean":[123,148],"3,522":[126],"kg":[127],"per":[128,154,187,189],"cycle,":[129],"an":[131,176],"average":[132],"survival":[133],"rate":[134],"96.5%":[136],"feed":[139],"conversion":[140],"1.42.":[143],"Economically,":[144],"generated":[147],"annual":[149],"net":[150,185],"returns":[151],"\u20b9458,160":[153],"hectare":[155,188],"2.82.":[161],"When":[162],"compared":[163],"data":[168],"South":[170],"Asian":[171],"systems,":[172],"demonstrated":[175],"estimated":[177],"119%":[178],"higher":[179],"approximately":[182],"387%":[183],"greater":[184],"return":[186],"cycle":[190],"(t(15)":[191],"3.62,":[193],"p":[194],"0.003);":[196],"these":[197],"figures":[198],"reflect":[199],"comparisons":[200],"external":[202],"literature":[203],"baselines,":[204],"not":[205],"concurrent":[206],"experimental":[207],"controls.":[208],"significant":[210],"progressive":[211],"improvement":[212],"efficiency":[215],"years":[219],"highlights":[220],"strong":[221],"learning-by-doing":[222],"effects.":[223],"These":[224],"findings":[225],"suggest":[226],"that,":[227],"adequate":[229],"extension":[230],"support,":[231],"offers":[235],"considerable":[236],"potential":[237],"intensification,":[240],"contributing":[241],"meaningfully":[242],"household":[244],"livelihood":[245],"security":[246],"rural":[248],"development":[250],"region.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}