{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225125773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","title":"Improving Special Education Decision-Making Through Structured Deliberation: IDEA, Section 504, and Texas ARD Procedures","display_name":"Improving Special Education Decision-Making Through Structured Deliberation: IDEA, Section 504, and Texas ARD Procedures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225125773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","pdf_url":"https://epbj-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/epbj/article/download/40/9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288022","display_name":"Education Law and Policy Briefs Journal","issn_l":"2473-6570","issn":["2473-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315613","host_organization_name":"Texas A&M University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315613"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Texas A&M University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Law and Policy Briefs Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://epbj-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/epbj/article/download/40/9","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160356730","display_name":"Nathan Brazell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Brazell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160356730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94027146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13131","display_name":"Collaborative Teaching and Inclusion","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11676","display_name":"Parental Involvement in Education","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-decision-making","display_name":"special education decision-making","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideas","display_name":"ideas","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/section-504","display_name":"Section 504","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individualized-education-program","display_name":"individualized education program","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parent-school-conflict","display_name":"parent-school conflict","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-dispute-resolution","display_name":"alternative dispute resolution","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-involvement","display_name":"parental involvement","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-decision-making","display_name":"collaborative decision-making","score":0.4099999964237213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358652","display_name":"Deliberation","level":3,"score":0.8540999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778145024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17052147","display_name":"Dismissal","level":2,"score":0.6830999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28858896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212105","display_name":"Special education","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131676636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282696","display_name":"Dispute resolution","level":2,"score":0.5873000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21711469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194317","display_name":"Conflict resolution","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993458768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3477549","display_name":"Special section","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139997747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438484","display_name":"Alternative dispute resolution","level":3,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100505606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6302997","display_name":"Judicial opinion","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","pdf_url":"https://epbj-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/epbj/article/download/40/9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288022","display_name":"Education Law and Policy Briefs Journal","issn_l":"2473-6570","issn":["2473-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315613","host_organization_name":"Texas A&M University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315613"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Texas A&M University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Law and Policy Briefs Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21423/elpbj-v4.a40","pdf_url":"https://epbj-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/epbj/article/download/40/9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288022","display_name":"Education Law and Policy Briefs Journal","issn_l":"2473-6570","issn":["2473-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315613","host_organization_name":"Texas A&M University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315613"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Texas A&M University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Law and Policy Briefs Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225125773.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225125773.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604984419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121769224","https://openalex.org/W2803148686","https://openalex.org/W1484259748","https://openalex.org/W7099253807","https://openalex.org/W2128618771","https://openalex.org/W2993502518","https://openalex.org/W155885610","https://openalex.org/W2073095890","https://openalex.org/W6983370087","https://openalex.org/W1568257417"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Special":[1],"education":[2,77],"law":[3],"depends":[4],"on":[5,125],"collaborative,":[6],"individualized":[7,76],"decision-making,":[8,58],"yet":[9],"the":[10,98,102,118,142,183],"Individuals":[11],"with":[12],"Disabilities":[13],"Education":[14],"Act":[15],"(IDEA),":[16],"Section":[17,83,197],"504,":[18,198],"and":[19,23,51,62,79,116,120,128,154,168,182],"Texas":[20],"Admission,":[21],"Review,":[22],"Dismissal":[24],"(ARD)":[25],"procedures":[26],"often":[27],"leave":[28],"teams":[29,95],"without":[30],"a":[31,86,159,173],"disciplined":[32],"method":[33,175],"for":[34,176],"addressing":[35],"material":[36,87],"disagreements":[37],"before":[38,186],"conflict":[39,127],"escalates":[40],"into":[41,75],"formal":[42,187],"dispute":[43,130,201],"resolution.":[44],"This":[45],"policy":[46],"brief":[47],"examines":[48],"statutory,":[49],"regulatory,":[50],"judicial":[52],"requirements":[53],"governing":[54,103],"parental":[55],"participation,":[56],"open-minded":[57],"consideration":[59],"of":[60],"alternatives,":[61,115],"reasoned":[63],"documentation.":[64],"It":[65],"argues":[66],"that":[67,141],"public":[68],"school":[69],"systems":[70],"should":[71],"incorporate":[72],"structured":[73,170,194],"deliberation":[74,171],"program":[78],"ARD":[80,150,199],"meetings\u2014and":[81],"comparable":[82],"504":[84],"meetings\u2014when":[85],"disagreement":[88],"emerges.":[89],"The":[90],"proposed":[91,143],"five-step":[92],"protocol":[93,144],"requires":[94],"to":[96,110],"define":[97],"disputed":[99],"issue,":[100],"identify":[101],"legal":[104,184],"or":[105],"educational":[106],"criterion,":[107],"connect":[108],"proposals":[109],"relevant":[111],"evidence,":[112],"test":[113],"reasonable":[114],"record":[117,185],"decision":[119,178],"its":[121],"reasons.":[122],"Existing":[123],"research":[124],"parent-school":[126],"alternative":[129],"resolution":[131,202],"supports":[132],"these":[133],"process":[134],"targets,":[135],"although":[136],"it":[137],"does":[138],"not":[139],"establish":[140],"will":[145],"reduce":[146],"disputes.":[147],"Texas\u2019s":[148],"collaborative":[149],"requirements,":[151],"recess":[152],"procedure,":[153],"expanded":[155],"IEP-facilitation":[156],"framework":[157],"provide":[158],"particularly":[160],"suitable":[161],"implementation":[162],"context.":[163],"With":[164],"safeguards":[165],"against":[166],"delay":[167],"coercion,":[169],"offers":[172],"practical":[174],"improving":[177],"quality,":[179],"participant":[180],"understanding,":[181],"proceedings":[188],"become":[189],"necessary.":[190],"Keywords:":[191],"special":[192],"education,":[193],"deliberation,":[195],"IDEA,":[196],"committees,":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}