{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225120589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","title":"AutoBEM-SkelZone: automated thermal zoning for Urban building energy modelling","display_name":"AutoBEM-SkelZone: automated thermal zoning for Urban building energy modelling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225120589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59432305","display_name":"Journal of Building Performance Simulation","issn_l":"1940-1493","issn":["1940-1493","1940-1507"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Building Performance Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006704691","display_name":"Hang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-2530","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-2530","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0600-1920"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0600-1920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007326118","display_name":"Shovan Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-836X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-836X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shovan Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-836X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093294184","display_name":"Avery Stubbings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-5775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-5775"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avery Stubbings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-5775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088201501","display_name":"Joshua New","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-0583","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-0583"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua New","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-0583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructure Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006704691"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81602055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13263","display_name":"Building energy efficiency and sustainability","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-zoning","display_name":"thermal zoning","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-building-energy-modeling","display_name":"urban building energy modeling","score":0.9020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.6166999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520944541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702232","display_name":"Zoning","level":2,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196803488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4986592","display_name":"Building envelope","level":3,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206145494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654236","display_name":"ASHRAE 90.1","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776409380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18205688","display_name":"Building energy simulation","level":4,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468402","display_name":"Tile","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352349","display_name":"Building model","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777423268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3663116","display_name":"Energy balance","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190831278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611","display_name":"Building design","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107861326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233","display_name":"Thermal energy","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2026.2751134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59432305","display_name":"Journal of Building Performance Simulation","issn_l":"1940-1493","issn":["1940-1493","1940-1507"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Building Performance Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5690000057220459}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016278744","https://openalex.org/W2054783617","https://openalex.org/W2085162832","https://openalex.org/W2091775229","https://openalex.org/W2108152153","https://openalex.org/W2183740711","https://openalex.org/W2567378886","https://openalex.org/W2584405772","https://openalex.org/W2586325172","https://openalex.org/W2789313714","https://openalex.org/W2973072728","https://openalex.org/W4200396211","https://openalex.org/W4212854052","https://openalex.org/W4388821223","https://openalex.org/W4391916359","https://openalex.org/W4393408914","https://openalex.org/W4408611090","https://openalex.org/W4413977412","https://openalex.org/W4414340765","https://openalex.org/W7169538626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085162832","https://openalex.org/W2789313714","https://openalex.org/W4414340765","https://openalex.org/W7161264823","https://openalex.org/W6908616506","https://openalex.org/W4416706022","https://openalex.org/W3022316359","https://openalex.org/W4321383929","https://openalex.org/W7204036241","https://openalex.org/W3166618488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"building":[1,19],"energy":[2,154],"modelling":[3],"(UBEM)":[4],"requires":[5],"thermal-zoning":[6],"strategies":[7],"that":[8,50,148,189,269],"balance":[9],"physical":[10],"detail,":[11],"computational":[12],"cost,":[13],"and":[14,29,39,57,69,77,117,138,169,231,248,263,289],"limited":[15],"availability":[16],"of":[17,91,222,245],"interior":[18],"data.":[20],"Conventional":[21],"one-zone-per-floor":[22,127,199],"representations":[23],"reduce":[24],"runtime":[25,108],"but":[26,276],"aggregate":[27,135,141,190],"perimeter":[28],"core":[30],"conditions,":[31],"potentially":[32],"masking":[33],"spatial":[34],"differences":[35,164],"in":[36,166,219,243,307],"envelope":[37],"exposure":[38],"HVAC":[40,78],"loads.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43],"presents":[44],"AutoBEM-SkelZone,":[45],"an":[46,295],"automated":[47,270,296],"zoning":[48,149,271,305],"workflow":[49,298],"applies":[51],"core\u2013perimeter":[52],"partitioning":[53,59],"to":[54,60,125,201,256],"convex":[55],"footprints":[56],"straight-skeleton":[58],"non-convex":[61],"geometries.":[62],"The":[63,310],"method":[64,311],"is":[65],"integrated":[66],"into":[67],"AutoBEM":[68,173],"automates":[70],"geometry":[71],"validation,":[72],"surface":[73],"matching,":[74],"construction":[75],"assignment,":[76],"propagation":[79],"for":[80,197,203,303],"simulation-ready":[81],"EnergyPlus":[82],"models.":[83,185],"AutoBEM-SkelZone":[84,284],"was":[85,122],"evaluated":[86],"using":[87],"143":[88,99],"archetypes":[89],"representative":[90],"the":[92,98,105,111,120,126,129,198,204,214,223,238,319],"New":[93],"York":[94],"metropolitan":[95],"area.":[96],"Of":[97],"cases,":[100],"139":[101],"(97.2%)":[102],"completed":[103,118],"within":[104,294],"predefined":[106],"batch":[107],"limit,":[109],"while":[110,207,317],"remaining":[112],"four":[113],"generated":[114],"valid":[115],"models":[116,131,200,216,240],"after":[119],"limit":[121],"relaxed.":[123],"Relative":[124],"baseline,":[128],"multi-zone":[130,205,215,239],"predicted":[132,274],"4.9%":[133],"higher":[134,140],"electricity":[136],"use":[137],"6.2%":[139],"whole-building":[142],"natural-gas":[143,191],"use.":[144],"These":[145,266],"results":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"resolution":[150],"materially":[151,272],"affects":[152],"simulated":[153],"consumption.":[155],"Representative":[156],"time-series":[157],"comparisons":[158],"showed":[159,188],"similar":[160],"temporal":[161],"patterns,":[162],"with":[163,178,226],"concentrated":[165],"seasonal":[167],"heating":[168],"cooling":[170],"periods.":[171],"Both":[172],"variants":[174],"were":[175,217,241],"also":[176],"compared":[177],"16":[179,246],"detailed":[180],"DOE":[181],"Standard":[182],"90.1\u20132016":[183],"prototype":[184],"End-use-specific":[186],"analysis":[187],"space-heating":[192,233],"bias":[193],"changed":[194],"from":[195,254],"\u221212.7%":[196],"+3.5%":[202],"models,":[206],"service-water-heating":[208],"consumption":[209],"remained":[210],"effectively":[211],"identical.":[212],"However,":[213],"closer":[218,242],"only":[220],"5":[221],"14":[224],"prototypes":[225],"positive":[227],"reference":[228],"gas":[229],"heating,":[230],"building-level":[232],"errors":[234],"increased.":[235,265],"For":[236],"electricity,":[237],"6":[244],"cases":[247],"reduced":[249],"mean":[250],"absolute":[251,260],"percentage":[252,261],"error":[253,262],"30.9%":[255],"29.2%,":[257],"although":[258],"median":[259],"RMSE":[264],"findings":[267],"show":[268],"changes":[273],"loads":[275],"does":[277],"not":[278],"uniformly":[279],"improve":[280],"prototype-level":[281],"agreement.":[282],"Although":[283],"entails":[285],"greater":[286],"model":[287],"complexity":[288],"longer":[290],"runtimes,":[291],"its":[292],"integration":[293],"GIS-native":[297],"provides":[299],"a":[300],"practical":[301],"basis":[302],"studying":[304],"effects":[306],"stock-scale":[308],"UBEM.":[309],"supports":[312],"reproducible":[313],"perimeter\u2013core":[314],"load":[315],"differentiation":[316],"making":[318],"associated":[320],"accuracy\u2013runtime":[321],"trade-offs":[322],"explicit.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}
