{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225114247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","title":"Smartphone Colorimetry with In-Frame Color Calibration: Hue-Based Discrimination of Diesel-Type Fuels and Ethanol\u2013Gasoline Blends","display_name":"Smartphone Colorimetry with In-Frame Color Calibration: Hue-Based Discrimination of Diesel-Type Fuels and Ethanol\u2013Gasoline Blends","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225114247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092263919","display_name":"Tino Nerger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6831-001X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6831-001X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tino Nerger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084243854","display_name":"Harald Kohlhoff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Kohlhoff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089752284","display_name":"Patrick P. Neumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-3421","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-3421"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick P. Neumann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089404192","display_name":"Michael G. Weller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-2029","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-2029"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael G. Weller","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089404192"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.44780001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.44780001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.4368000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartphone-colorimetry","display_name":"smartphone colorimetry","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hue-angle","display_name":"hue angle","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethanol-gasoline-blends","display_name":"ethanol-gasoline blends","score":0.9520000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126537357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372948","display_name":"Hue","level":2,"score":0.8230999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200925200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624170","display_name":"STRIPS","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64299311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374535","display_name":"Colorimetry","level":2,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196956537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202021","display_name":"Chromatic scale","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159784718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182571","display_name":"Color balance","level":5,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780061478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375857","display_name":"Gamut","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202611.0070.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385393157","https://openalex.org/W4360985536","https://openalex.org/W6990353387","https://openalex.org/W1828272653","https://openalex.org/W4415029900","https://openalex.org/W4319982587","https://openalex.org/W2980530514","https://openalex.org/W2591680771","https://openalex.org/W4248159232","https://openalex.org/W7120469384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Color":[0],"measurements":[1],"from":[2,73,130],"consumer":[3,185],"cameras":[4],"are":[5,32],"difficult":[6],"to":[7,75,132,195],"compare":[8],"because":[9],"device-specific":[10],"image":[11,60],"processing":[12],"is":[13],"variable":[14],"and":[15,28,88,106,139],"often":[16],"undocumented.":[17],"We":[18],"present":[19],"a":[20,29,45,96,145,184],"fully":[21],"smartphone-based":[22],"workflow,":[23],"in":[24,44,157],"which":[25],"the":[26,62,67,71,82,115,140],"sample":[27],"color":[30],"reference":[31,108,116],"captured":[33],"simultaneously,":[34],"enabling":[35],"image-specific":[36],"correction.":[37],"Nile":[38],"Red-based":[39],"test":[40],"strips":[41,72,125],"were":[42,110,129,137],"measured":[43],"compact":[46,177],"PhotoBox":[47],"with":[48,95],"an":[49],"integrated":[50],"ColorChecker":[51],"chart.":[52],"A":[53,187],"color-correction":[54],"matrix":[55,158],"derived":[56],"individually":[57],"for":[58,144],"each":[59],"reduced":[61],"mean":[63,97],"hue":[64,79,166],"error":[65],"across":[66],"chromatic":[68],"range":[69],"of":[70,100,123],"5.1":[74],"1.6\u00b0.":[76],"Using":[77],"calibrated":[78],"angle":[80],"as":[81],"sole":[83],"analytical":[84],"parameter,":[85],"eight":[86],"fuels":[87,155],"ethanol\u2013gasoline":[89],"blends":[90],"formed":[91],"largely":[92],"distinct":[93],"clusters,":[94],"within-fuel":[98],"scatter":[99],"1.5\u00b0.":[101],"The":[102],"regulatory-relevant":[103],"nominal":[104],"E10":[105,133,154],"E20":[107],"samples":[109,192],"separated":[111],"by":[112,161],"14.2\u00b0.":[113],"Within":[114],"dataset,":[117],"leave-one-strip-out":[118],"cross-validation":[119],"correctly":[120],"assigned":[121],"46":[122],"48":[124],"(95.8%);":[126],"both":[127],"misassignments":[128],"E5":[131],"clusters.":[134],"Between-batch":[135],"differences":[136],"\u22640.6\u00b0,":[138],"inter-device":[141],"standard":[142],"deviation":[143],"fixed":[146],"paper":[147],"target":[148],"was":[149],"2.0\u00b0.":[150],"Two":[151],"nominally":[152],"identical":[153],"differing":[156],"composition":[159],"deviated":[160],"approximately":[162],"12\u00b0,":[163],"suggesting":[164],"that":[165],"reflects":[167],"effective":[168],"fuel":[169,181],"polarity":[170],"rather":[171],"than":[172],"ethanol":[173],"content":[174],"alone.":[175],"This":[176],"workflow":[178],"enables":[179],"reproducible":[180],"discrimination":[182],"using":[183,190],"smartphone.":[186],"blind":[188],"validation":[189],"unknown":[191],"has":[193],"yet":[194],"be":[196],"conducted.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}