{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225112589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","title":"Increasing biomass and essential oil production in four cultivars of Thymus vulgaris L. under rainfed cultivation through optimizing of planting density and manure application","display_name":"Increasing biomass and essential oil production in four cultivars of Thymus vulgaris L. under rainfed cultivation through optimizing of planting density and manure application","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225112589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6444338","display_name":"BMC Plant Biology","issn_l":"1471-2229","issn":["1471-2229"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160384238","display_name":"Fatemeh Chaghaghasemi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1187138","display_name":"Razi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ynb0474","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Chaghaghasemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Master\u2019s student, Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master\u2019s student, Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1187138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103250151","display_name":"Hooshmand Safari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-9886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-9886"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141426","display_name":"Agricultural Research & Education Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/032hv6w38","country_code":"IR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141426"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hooshmand Safari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forests and Rangelands Research, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-9886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forests and Rangelands Research, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031231638","display_name":"Borzou Yousefi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-836X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-836X","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-8876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141426","display_name":"Agricultural Research & Education Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/032hv6w38","country_code":"IR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141426"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borzou Yousefi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forests and Rangelands Research, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-8876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forests and Rangelands Research, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087958806","display_name":"Hoshang Rahmati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0718-4557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0718-4557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55547365","display_name":"Payame Noor University","ror":"https://ror.org/031699d98","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55547365"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoshang Rahmati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agriculture, Technical and Engineering Faculty, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0718-4557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agriculture, Technical and Engineering Faculty, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55547365"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018332726","display_name":"Danial Kahrizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-6075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-6075"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danial Kahrizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-6075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018332726","https://openalex.org/A5103250151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879","https://openalex.org/I4210141426"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82530369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.8324999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.8324999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.07199999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.01979999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyme","display_name":"thyme","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dryland-agriculture","display_name":"rainfed agriculture","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-density","display_name":"plant density","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manure-application","display_name":"manure application","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-production","display_name":"biomass production","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-oil-yield","display_name":"essential oil yield","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-oil-composition","display_name":"essential oil composition","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymol","display_name":"thymol","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carvacrol","display_name":"carvacrol","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p-cymene","display_name":"p-cymene","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-terpinene","display_name":"\u03b3-terpinene","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terpinen-4-ol","display_name":"terpinen-4-ol","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultivar-differences","display_name":"cultivar differences","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-fertilization","display_name":"organic fertilization","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-oil-crops","display_name":"essential oil crops","score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/khorramabad","display_name":"Khorramabad","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197321923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4886","display_name":"Cultivar","level":2,"score":0.8144999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7267000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38304854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185716","display_name":"Manure","level":2,"score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.6331999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170885","display_name":"Essential oil","level":2,"score":0.6241999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126343540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Crop yield","level":2,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780642067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408883","display_name":"Thymol","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780432990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148668","display_name":"Thymus vulgaris","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75639521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283519","display_name":"Field experiment","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780676017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225543","display_name":"Carvacrol","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6444338","display_name":"BMC Plant Biology","issn_l":"1471-2229","issn":["1471-2229"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10139-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6444338","display_name":"BMC Plant Biology","issn_l":"1471-2229","issn":["1471-2229"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.991100013256073,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389560847","https://openalex.org/W3195013246","https://openalex.org/W7213351454","https://openalex.org/W2767302554","https://openalex.org/W2200120312","https://openalex.org/W2005500801","https://openalex.org/W2589870290","https://openalex.org/W7132332619","https://openalex.org/W4303685781","https://openalex.org/W2214589874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,117,304],"a":[1,39,44,266],"field":[2],"experiment,":[3,256],"under":[4,15,106,140,300],"rainfed":[5,255],"cultivation,":[6],"four":[7],"cultivars":[8],"of":[9,213,246,253,268,316],"Thymus":[10],"vulgaris":[11],"L.":[12],"were":[13,101,138,193],"grown":[14,163],"two":[16],"manure":[17,20,22,73,107,157,180,230,264],"levels":[18],"(no":[19],"and":[21,28,34,75,94,113,131,162,189,207,216,223,236,265,276,281,296],"application":[23,74,108,231],"at":[24,109,143,158,164,181,308],"50":[25,110,159,261],"t":[26,111,160,262],"ha\u207b\u00b9)":[27,100,137],"three":[29],"plant":[30,76,242],"densities":[31],"(8,":[32],"6,":[33],"4":[35,155,165,307],"plants":[36,115,166,183,270],"m\u207b\u00b2)":[37],"in":[38,176,195],"factorial":[40],"split-plot":[41],"based":[42],"on":[43],"RCBD":[45],"experiment":[46],"during":[47],"2020\u20132022":[48],"crop":[49],"years.":[50],"Tukey\u2019s":[51],"HSD":[52],"test":[53],"(":[54],"P":[55],"\u2264":[56],"0.05)":[57],"revealed":[58,217],"significant":[59],"differences":[60],"among":[61,220],"treatment":[62,285,289],"combinations":[63],"for":[64],"most":[65],"measured":[66],"traits.":[67],"Biomass":[68],"production":[69],"responded":[70],"strongly":[71],"to":[72,312],"density.":[77,145],"The":[78,146,185,226],"highest":[79,147,203,274,293],"fresh":[80,121,275],"yield":[81,86,97,122,127,134],"(10,362.4":[82],"kg":[83,88,99,124,129,136],"ha\u207b\u00b9),":[84,89,125,130],"dry":[85,126,277],"(5,260.6":[87],"essential":[90,95,132,237,297],"oil":[91,96,133,238,298],"content":[92,172],"(3.46%),":[93],"(182.17":[98],"achieved":[102],"by":[103],"cultivar":[104,154,177,196,199,257,306],"1":[105,258],"ha\u207b\u00b9":[112,161,263],"8":[114,269],"m\u207b\u00b2.":[116,184],"contrast,":[118,305],"the":[119,169,202,211,251,273,288,292,301,314],"lowest":[120],"(5,339.5":[123],"(1,697.1":[128],"(26.24":[135],"observed":[139,175],"non-manured":[141],"treatments":[142],"low":[144],"thymol":[148],"concentration":[149],"(49.49%)":[150],"was":[151,174],"obtained":[152],"from":[153],"receiving":[156],"m\u207b\u00b2,":[167],"whereas":[168],"maximum":[170],"carvacrol":[171],"(5.37%)":[173],"2":[178,200],"without":[179],"6":[182],"greatest":[186],"p-cymene":[187],"(16.54%)":[188],"terpinene-4-ol":[190],"(0.44%)":[191],"concentrations":[192],"recorded":[194],"4,":[197],"while":[198,240],"exhibited":[201],"\u03b3-terpinene":[204],"(17.26%).":[205],"PCA":[206],"Cluster":[208],"analysis":[209],"confirmed":[210],"results":[212,227],"means":[214],"comparison":[215],"substantial":[218],"differentiation":[219],"cultivars,":[221],"manure,":[222],"plant-density":[224],"combinations.":[225],"indicated":[228],"that":[229],"substantially":[232],"improves":[233],"biomass":[234,295],"accumulation":[235,245,315],"production,":[239],"lower":[241,309],"density":[243,267,310],"favors":[244],"major":[247,317],"aromatic":[248],"constituents.":[249],"Under":[250],"conditions":[252],"this":[254],"combined":[259],"with":[260,291],"m\u207b\u00b2":[271],"produced":[272],"biomass,":[278],"EO":[279,282],"concentration,":[280],"yield.":[283],"This":[284],"therefore":[286],"represented":[287],"combination":[290],"overall":[294],"productivity":[299],"experimental":[302],"conditions.":[303],"tended":[311],"favor":[313],"phenolic":[318],"constituents,":[319],"particularly":[320],"thymol.":[321],"Clinical":[322],"trial":[323],"number:":[324],"Not":[325],"applicable.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}