{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225110751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","title":"SECURE AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT MPR CLUSTERING IN MANETS UTILIZING AN IMPROVED GRASSHOPPER OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM","display_name":"SECURE AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT MPR CLUSTERING IN MANETS UTILIZING AN IMPROVED GRASSHOPPER OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225110751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","pdf_url":"https://actainnovations.com/index.php/pub/article/download/2818/1512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764688742","display_name":"Acta Innovations","issn_l":"2300-5599","issn":["2300-5599"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317276","host_organization_name":"Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317276"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Innovations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7225110751"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://actainnovations.com/index.php/pub/article/download/2818/1512","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117371100","display_name":"Farhana Kausar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256893","display_name":"Atria Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04mx33r94","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256893"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhana Kausar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science & Engineering , Atria Institute of Technology , Bangalore - 560024 , Karnataka , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science & Engineering , Atria Institute of Technology , Bangalore - 560024 , Karnataka , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160347612","display_name":"Vathsala M K","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vathsala M K","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Engineering , East Point College of Engineering and Technology , Bangalore - 560049 , Karnataka , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Engineering , East Point College of Engineering and Technology , Bangalore - 560049 , Karnataka , India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160339585","display_name":"S. D. Vijayakumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. D. Vijayakumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science , Nandha Engineering College , Vaikkaalmedu , Erode - 638052 , Tamil Nadu , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science , Nandha Engineering College , Vaikkaalmedu , Erode - 638052 , Tamil Nadu , India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160383619","display_name":"Yogeswari P","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261084","display_name":"Sasurie College of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04rks4647","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yogeswari P","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Sasurie College of Engineering , Vijayamangalam , Tiruppur - 638056 , Tamil Nadu , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Sasurie College of Engineering , Vijayamangalam , Tiruppur - 638056 , Tamil Nadu , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081235882","display_name":"Ramchand Vedaiyan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405277151","display_name":"Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/01nbw1e11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405277151"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramchand  Vedaiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE (Cyber Security) , Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management , Bangalore - 560082 , Karnataka , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE (Cyber Security) , Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management , Bangalore - 560082 , Karnataka , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405277151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004773613","display_name":"M. P. Thiruvenkatasuresh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. P.  Thiruvenkatasuresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Nandha Engineering College , Erode - 638052 , Tamil Nadu , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Nandha Engineering College , Erode - 638052 , Tamil Nadu , India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117208080","display_name":"M. Shanmugham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Shanmugham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Nandha Engineering College , Erode - 638052 , Tamil Nadu , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Nandha Engineering College , Erode - 638052 , Tamil Nadu , India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160387135","display_name":"K. Senthil  Prakash","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256405","display_name":"Velalar College of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0448pab96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256405"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Senthil  Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Velalar College of Engineering and Technology , Erode -638012 , Tamil Nadu , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Velalar College of Engineering and Technology , Erode -638012 , Tamil Nadu , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256405"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"1s","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-ad-hoc-networks","display_name":"mobile ad hoc networks","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-head-selection","display_name":"cluster head selection","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"network security","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-delivery-ratio","display_name":"packet delivery ratio","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"throughput","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-breakage","display_name":"link breakage","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7746000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.611299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173870130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8548","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","level":4,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91280400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120317029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874048","display_name":"Packet forwarding","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","pdf_url":"https://actainnovations.com/index.php/pub/article/download/2818/1512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764688742","display_name":"Acta Innovations","issn_l":"2300-5599","issn":["2300-5599"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317276","host_organization_name":"Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317276"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Innovations","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.vi.2818","pdf_url":"https://actainnovations.com/index.php/pub/article/download/2818/1512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764688742","display_name":"Acta Innovations","issn_l":"2300-5599","issn":["2300-5599"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317276","host_organization_name":"Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317276"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Innovations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225110751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225110751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405021472","https://openalex.org/W4414292097","https://openalex.org/W7134924141","https://openalex.org/W7147135646","https://openalex.org/W7160660641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387143679","https://openalex.org/W4206584900","https://openalex.org/W7218231634","https://openalex.org/W7214953597","https://openalex.org/W4407507544","https://openalex.org/W4404031151","https://openalex.org/W3175227114","https://openalex.org/W7127889460","https://openalex.org/W7135205914","https://openalex.org/W4400974414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"times,":[2],"a":[3,193],"great":[4],"deal":[5],"of":[6,36,43,68,88,107,141,149,155,187,212],"attention":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"paid":[10],"towards":[11],"creating":[12],"innovative":[13],"models":[14],"that":[15,172,224],"guarantee":[16],"secure":[17],"information":[18],"transfer":[19,32],"within":[20],"MANET":[21],"environments.":[22],"The":[23],"current":[24],"work":[25],"introduces":[26],"an":[27,37,84,181],"efficient":[28,85,264],"framework":[29],"for":[30,229,235],"data":[31,150],"using":[33],"the":[34,66,94,101,121,126,167,177,209],"integration":[35],"MPR":[38],"protocol":[39],"based":[40],"on":[41,76],"Quality":[42],"Service":[44],"(QoS)":[45],"pheromone":[46],"probability":[47],"and":[48,64,80,132,196,232,270],"improved":[49],"grasshopper":[50],"optimization":[51],"algorithm":[52],"(IGOA).":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"seeks":[56],"to":[57,71,103,109,119,125,244,251,262],"identify":[58],"vulnerabilities":[59],"associated":[60,216],"with":[61,160,192,217],"network":[62,219],"architecture":[63],"proposes":[65],"use":[67],"IGOA":[69,145,239],"technique":[70],"select":[72],"cluster":[73],"heads":[74],"dependent":[75],"battery":[77],"levels,":[78],"mobility,":[79],"connection":[81],"lifetimes.":[82],"Additionally,":[83],"estimation":[86],"process":[87],"connectivity":[89],"quality":[90],"is":[91,215],"used":[92,118],"alongside":[93],"normalized":[95],"dijkstra":[96],"path":[97],"routing":[98],"mechanism,":[99],"enabling":[100],"system":[102],"overcome":[104],"link":[105],"breaks":[106],"up":[108,250],"-93":[110],"dBm":[111],"threshold":[112],"values.":[113],"MATLAB":[114],"software":[115],"simulation":[116],"was":[117],"evaluate":[120],"performance":[122,211],"efficiency":[123],"compared":[124,243,261],"traditional":[127],"algorithms,":[128],"namely":[129],"MCLMR,":[130],"Adaptive,":[131],"QFSRD":[133,248],"protocols.":[134],"Results":[135],"showed":[136],"considerable":[137],"improvement":[138],"in":[139],"terms":[140],"throughput":[142],"rates,":[143],"whereby":[144],"exhibited":[146],"impressive":[147],"enhancement":[148],"rates":[151],"by":[152],"achieving":[153],"peaks":[154],"72":[156],"kbps":[157],"when":[158,190,202],"dealing":[159],"100":[161,206,236],"mobile":[162],"nodes,":[163],"which":[164],"significantly":[165],"outperforms":[166],"second":[168],"best":[169],"algorithm,":[170],"QFSRD,":[171],"reached":[173],"40":[174],"kbps.":[175],"Moreover,":[176],"proposed":[178],"strategy":[179],"secured":[180],"optimal":[182],"Packet":[183],"Delivery":[184],"Ratio":[185],"(PDR)":[186],"98":[188],"percent":[189,199],"working":[191],"few":[194],"nodes":[195,231],"maintained":[197],"96.6":[198],"delivery":[200,214],"ratio":[201],"transmitting":[203],"messages":[204],"between":[205,226],"nodes.":[207,237],"Nonetheless,":[208],"outstanding":[210],"packet":[213],"increased":[218],"loading,":[220],"consuming":[221],"energy":[222],"levels":[223,260],"ranged":[225],"116":[227],"units":[228,234],"20":[230],"134":[233],"Although":[238],"consumes":[240,249],"less":[241],"power":[242,259],"its":[245],"rivals":[246],"(i.e.,":[247],"140":[252],"units),":[253],"it":[254],"still":[255],"utilizes":[256],"considerably":[257],"more":[258],"other":[263],"techniques":[265],"like":[266],"MCLMR":[267],"(58.4":[268],"units)":[269],"adaptive":[271],"strategies":[272],"(78.6":[273],"units).":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}
