{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225101233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","title":"Conceptual Structure and Questionnaire Development for Online Risk Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents","display_name":"Conceptual Structure and Questionnaire Development for Online Risk Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225101233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bs16112059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194710","display_name":"Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"2076-328X","issn":["2076-328X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010755317","display_name":"J. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-5648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-5648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Students\u2019 Affairs, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China","Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-5648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Students\u2019 Affairs, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427724","display_name":"Xiaojun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2855-1719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2855-1719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068413034","display_name":"Gengfeng Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-5200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-5200"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengfeng Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089876939","display_name":"Xuqing Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-441X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-441X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuqing Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-441X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010755317"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666","https://openalex.org/I4210141689"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91611873,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"2059","last_page":"2059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13805","display_name":"Adolescent Health and Behaviors","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-risk-behavior","display_name":"online risk behavior","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescents","display_name":"adolescents","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-adolescents","display_name":"Chinese adolescents","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questionnaire-development","display_name":"questionnaire development","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validation","display_name":"scale validation","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problematic-internet-use","display_name":"problematic internet use","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberbullying","display_name":"cyberbullying","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-risk","display_name":"interpersonal risk","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-development","display_name":"adolescent development","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8039000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5856999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5338000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65067816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295139","display_name":"Computer-assisted web interviewing","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019036681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"Internet users","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58916136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663508","display_name":"Content validity","level":3,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bs16112059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194710","display_name":"Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"2076-328X","issn":["2076-328X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bs16112059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16112059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194710","display_name":"Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"2076-328X","issn":["2076-328X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967093485","https://openalex.org/W1989445724","https://openalex.org/W2025802167","https://openalex.org/W2048956741","https://openalex.org/W2122621515","https://openalex.org/W2141698214","https://openalex.org/W2479824583","https://openalex.org/W2724733045","https://openalex.org/W2741444341","https://openalex.org/W2747908178","https://openalex.org/W2946942618","https://openalex.org/W2949392115","https://openalex.org/W2995820781","https://openalex.org/W3164119328","https://openalex.org/W4200204028","https://openalex.org/W4206604474","https://openalex.org/W4206898022","https://openalex.org/W4220700299","https://openalex.org/W4290989978","https://openalex.org/W4295271007","https://openalex.org/W4296967237","https://openalex.org/W4313432379","https://openalex.org/W4387843869","https://openalex.org/W4388528945","https://openalex.org/W4389613685","https://openalex.org/W4391008924","https://openalex.org/W4392352025","https://openalex.org/W4402317102","https://openalex.org/W4407789225","https://openalex.org/W4410978282","https://openalex.org/W4411256264","https://openalex.org/W4411740113","https://openalex.org/W4412726524","https://openalex.org/W7167640443","https://openalex.org/W7203452587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7125636552","https://openalex.org/W4412992290","https://openalex.org/W4411583409","https://openalex.org/W2370376798","https://openalex.org/W7017316566","https://openalex.org/W2017332194","https://openalex.org/W7163553113","https://openalex.org/W1945748300","https://openalex.org/W2994905789","https://openalex.org/W4402406000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100,164],"limited":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,31,58,85,95,187],"psychometrically":[4],"evaluated":[5],"instruments":[6],"relevant":[7],"to":[8,25],"the":[9,40,53,70,170,192],"Chinese":[10,20,78],"context":[11],"has":[12],"constrained":[13],"research":[14],"on":[15],"online":[16,60,105,112,188],"risk":[17,61,106,189],"behaviors":[18,33,62,107,113,190],"among":[19,77,191],"adolescents.":[21],"This":[22,177],"study":[23],"aimed":[24],"conceptualize":[26],"and":[27,50,56,63,90,114,140,161,169,175],"develop":[28],"a":[29,146],"measure":[30],"these":[32],"using":[34],"an":[35,65,82,91],"integrative":[36],"mixed-methods":[37],"approach.":[38],"In":[39,69],"qualitative":[41],"phase,":[42,72],"semi-structured":[43],"interviews":[44],"with":[45],"45":[46],"scholars,":[47],"teachers,":[48],"parents,":[49],"adolescents":[51,193],"explored":[52],"conceptual":[54],"structure":[55,166],"manifestations":[57],"adolescent":[59,104,122],"informed":[64],"initial":[66,83,180],"item":[67],"pool.":[68],"quantitative":[71],"two":[73],"surveys":[74],"were":[75,131],"conducted":[76],"secondary":[79],"school":[80],"students:":[81],"sample":[84,94],"414":[86],"students":[87,97],"(44.0%":[88],"male)":[89],"independent":[92],"validation":[93],"662":[96],"(59.1%":[98],"male).":[99],"findings":[101],"indicated":[102],"that":[103,119],"encompass":[108],"both":[109],"adolescents\u2019":[110],"own":[111],"risk-related":[115],"exposures":[116],"or":[117,126],"experiences":[118],"may":[120],"jeopardize":[121],"development,":[123],"others\u2019":[124],"rights,":[125],"public":[127],"safety.":[128],"Four":[129],"dimensions":[130,186],"identified:":[132],"content":[133],"risk,":[134,139],"problematic":[135],"Internet":[136,156],"use,":[137],"security":[138],"interpersonal":[141],"risk.":[142],"Quantitative":[143],"analyses":[144],"yielded":[145],"21-item":[147],"questionnaire":[148,171],"comprising":[149],"four":[150],"factors:":[151],"Online":[152,158],"Content":[153],"Risk,":[154,160],"Problematic":[155],"Use,":[157],"Security":[159],"Cyberbullying":[162],"Involvement.":[163],"four-factor":[165],"was":[167],"supported,":[168],"demonstrated":[172],"satisfactory":[173],"reliability":[174],"validity.":[176],"instrument":[178],"provides":[179],"empirical":[181],"support":[182],"for":[183],"assessing":[184],"several":[185],"included":[194],"in":[195],"this":[196],"study.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}