{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225097677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","title":"Interpretable Machine Learning for Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) Prediction for the Bakken Tight Oil Play, Williston Basin, USA","display_name":"Interpretable Machine Learning for Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) Prediction for the Bakken Tight Oil Play, Williston Basin, USA","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225097677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jpg.70166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jpg.70166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198628674","display_name":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","issn_l":"0141-6421","issn":["0141-6421","1747-5457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jpg.70166","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042627535","display_name":"Yeonpyeong Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-6452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-6452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeonpyeong Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075899986","display_name":"Palash Panja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-9907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-9907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Palash Panja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086659734","display_name":"Rasoul B. Sorkhabi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasoul B. Sorkhabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058316222","display_name":"Milind D. Deo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4569-7097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4569-7097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Milind Deo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA","Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy & Geoscience Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058316222"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75110114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10635","display_name":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10635","display_name":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.11540000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.10869999974966049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultimate-recovery-factor","display_name":"ultimate recovery","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bakken-formation","display_name":"Bakken Formation","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tight-oil","display_name":"tight oil","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/super-learner","display_name":"super learner","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hampel-filter","display_name":"Hampel filter","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-index","display_name":"water indices","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unconventional-reservoirs","display_name":"unconventional reservoirs","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/williston-basin","display_name":"Williston Basin","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-wells","display_name":"horizontal wells","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78641617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45734","display_name":"Tight oil","level":3,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779096232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890794","display_name":"Hydraulic fracturing","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777447996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991263","display_name":"Tight gas","level":3,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349660","display_name":"Oil production","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14641988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315329","display_name":"Reservoir modeling","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779538338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990590","display_name":"Completion (oil and gas wells)","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183250156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5916050","display_name":"Reservoir engineering","level":3,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120882062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352","display_name":"Permeability (electromagnetism)","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985768699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241434","display_name":"Petroleum exploration","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46293882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080707","display_name":"Petrophysics","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779681308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049254","display_name":"Enhanced oil recovery","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jpg.70166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jpg.70166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198628674","display_name":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","issn_l":"0141-6421","issn":["0141-6421","1747-5457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jpg.70166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.70166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jpg.70166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198628674","display_name":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","issn_l":"0141-6421","issn":["0141-6421","1747-5457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225097677.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225097677.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W1125436246","https://openalex.org/W1949314668","https://openalex.org/W1969038092","https://openalex.org/W1989898472","https://openalex.org/W1991534095","https://openalex.org/W2033079433","https://openalex.org/W2040975718","https://openalex.org/W2046599671","https://openalex.org/W2048383661","https://openalex.org/W2056716237","https://openalex.org/W2062930223","https://openalex.org/W2079054072","https://openalex.org/W2099175501","https://openalex.org/W2111022379","https://openalex.org/W2130618579","https://openalex.org/W2195553716","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2746412640","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2903269036","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914369697","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2996872782","https://openalex.org/W3031551569","https://openalex.org/W3091873932","https://openalex.org/W3107767313","https://openalex.org/W3127769561","https://openalex.org/W3133907530","https://openalex.org/W3160058322","https://openalex.org/W3171350649","https://openalex.org/W3213528977","https://openalex.org/W4285308398","https://openalex.org/W4288885873","https://openalex.org/W4293469945","https://openalex.org/W4309848009","https://openalex.org/W4312204569","https://openalex.org/W4396801766","https://openalex.org/W4409635822","https://openalex.org/W4413756576","https://openalex.org/W7128482613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970412689","https://openalex.org/W4220756903","https://openalex.org/W4414650749","https://openalex.org/W7147383421","https://openalex.org/W4283278045","https://openalex.org/W3122544572","https://openalex.org/W2562847735","https://openalex.org/W4200430660","https://openalex.org/W3106366294","https://openalex.org/W4381948797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Estimated":[1],"Ultimate":[2],"Recovery":[3],"(EUR),":[4],"often":[5],"calculated":[6],"from":[7,68,101,148,204,246,250,355],"production":[8,49,157,214,231,278,280,356,368],"decline":[9],"curve":[10,176],"analysis":[11,306],"(DCA),":[12],"is":[13,42,61,202,225,243],"a":[14,102,128,138,149,168,205],"key":[15],"indicator":[16],"of":[17,45,72,84,98,104,113,178,219,232,264,269,318,362],"long\u2010term":[18],"well":[19,73],"performance":[20],"in":[21,32,36,194],"petroleum":[22],"reservoirs,":[23],"including":[24,184,251],"unconventional":[25],"plays":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"the":[29,33,37,43,69,91,111,165,172,197,228,233,292,302,316,333,360],"Bakken":[30,92],"Formation":[31],"Williston":[34],"Basin":[35],"northern":[38],"United":[39],"States,":[40],"which":[41,210],"objective":[44],"this":[46],"study.":[47],"Long\u2010term":[48],"data":[50,74],"are":[51,124,134],"necessary":[52,62],"for":[53,57,76,95],"estimating":[54],"EUR.":[55,121],"However,":[56],"fracture\u2010stimulated":[58],"wells,":[59,107,183,200],"it":[60],"to":[63,90,120,309],"first":[64,125],"isolate":[65],"restimulated":[66,99,187,353],"wells":[67,100,133,188,354],"large":[70],"set":[71,103],"used":[75],"EUR":[77,201,235,340,374],"estimation.":[78],"This":[79,343],"study":[80],"presents":[81,345],"an":[82,216,346],"application":[83],"interpretable":[85,377],"machine":[86],"learning":[87],"(ML)":[88],"workflow":[89,350],"Formation,":[93],"aiming":[94],"(1)":[96],"identification":[97],"7830":[105],"horizontal":[106],"and":[108,117,153,158,180,255,261,274,277,281,313,324,348,358,364,370],"(2)":[109],"understanding":[110],"contribution":[112],"various":[114],"geospatial,":[115],"drilling,":[116],"completion":[118,159,267,365],"factors":[119],"Shut\u2010in":[122],"months":[123],"removed":[126],"with":[127,215,339],"one\u2010sided":[129],"Hampel":[130],"filter.":[131],"Restimulated":[132],"then":[135,244],"identified":[136,314],"by":[137],"random":[139],"forest":[140],"(RF)":[141],"classifier":[142,166],"built":[143],"on":[144,155,301,373],"10":[145],"features":[146,335],"derived":[147,249],"nonparametric":[150],"isotonic\u2010regression":[151],"baseline":[152],"trained":[154],"reported":[156],"data.":[160,285],"The":[161,286],"results":[162],"revealed":[163],"that":[164,189,315,351],"achieves":[167],"cross\u2010validated":[169],"area":[170],"under":[171],"receiver":[173],"operating":[174],"characteristic":[175],"(ROC\u2010AUC)":[177],"0.877":[179],"flags":[181],"1140":[182],"672":[185],"candidate":[186],"have":[190],"no":[191],"restimulation":[192],"record":[193],"FracFocus.":[195],"For":[196],"4510":[198],"filtered":[199],"obtained":[203],"3\u2010year":[206,223],"modified":[207],"hyperbolic":[208],"DCA,":[209],"reproduces":[211],"observed":[212],"cumulative":[213],"R":[217,297],"2":[218,298],"0.9":[220],"when":[221],"its":[222],"forecast":[224],"compared":[226],"against":[227],"actual":[229],"post\u20103\u2010year":[230],"wells.":[234],"per":[236,328],"hydraulic":[237,270,319,329],"fracturing":[238,271,320,330],"spacing":[239],"(EUR":[240],"s":[241,341],")":[242],"predicted":[245],"nine":[247],"parameters":[248],"geospatial":[252,371],"(surface":[253],"longitude":[254],"latitude),":[256],"drilling":[257,363],"(true":[258],"vertical":[259],"depth":[260],"lateral":[262],"length":[263],"each":[265],"well),":[266],"(number":[268],"stages,":[272,321],"water,":[273],"proppant":[275],"mass),":[276],"(first\u2010month":[279],"first\u2010month":[282],"gas\u2010to\u2010oil":[283],"ratio)":[284],"ML":[287],"prediction":[288],"was":[289,307],"achieved":[290],"using":[291,376],"Super":[293],"Learner":[294],"algorithm,":[295],"yielding":[296],"=":[299],"0.758":[300],"test":[303],"dataset.":[304],"SHAP":[305],"employed":[308],"interpret":[310],"model":[311],"behavior":[312],"number":[317],"surface":[322],"longitude,":[323],"water":[325],"index":[326],"(gallons":[327],"spacing)":[331],"were":[332],"three":[334],"most":[336],"strongly":[337],"associated":[338],".":[342],"work":[344],"integrated":[347],"reproducible":[349],"removes":[352],"history":[357],"leverages":[359],"impact":[361],"design,":[366],"early":[367],"data,":[369],"relationships":[372],"estimation":[375],"ML.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}