{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225085376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","title":"Multiscale Strategies for Advancing Reader-Free Colourimetric Point-of-Care (POCT) Diagnostics","display_name":"Multiscale Strategies for Advancing Reader-Free Colourimetric Point-of-Care (POCT) Diagnostics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225085376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282792","display_name":"ACS Applied Engineering Materials","issn_l":"2771-9545","issn":["2771-9545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Applied Engineering Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124700999","display_name":"Sagnik Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3422-8886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3422-8886"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103783","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/025qtp564","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146715","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/040dgqr26","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146715"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152674","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0418yqg16","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154014","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9b6182","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161501","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t67vr60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagnik Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3422-8886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783","https://openalex.org/I4210146715","https://openalex.org/I4210152674","https://openalex.org/I4210154014","https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121496978","display_name":"Anand Chavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4358-0888","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4358-0888"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103783","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/025qtp564","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146715","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/040dgqr26","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146715"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152674","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0418yqg16","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154014","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9b6182","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161501","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t67vr60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Chavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4358-0888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783","https://openalex.org/I4210146715","https://openalex.org/I4210152674","https://openalex.org/I4210154014","https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121470372","display_name":"Sagar Devakate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7955-5108","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7955-5108"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103783","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/025qtp564","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146715","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/040dgqr26","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146715"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152674","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0418yqg16","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154014","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9b6182","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161501","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t67vr60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagar Devakate","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7955-5108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783","https://openalex.org/I4210146715","https://openalex.org/I4210152674","https://openalex.org/I4210154014","https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000424120","display_name":"Kausik Kapat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-1884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-1884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103783","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/025qtp564","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146715","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/040dgqr26","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146715"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152674","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0418yqg16","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154014","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9b6182","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161501","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t67vr60","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kausik Kapat","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-1884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103783","https://openalex.org/I4210146715","https://openalex.org/I4210152674","https://openalex.org/I4210154014","https://openalex.org/I4210161501"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72951718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14318","display_name":"Polydiacetylene-based materials and applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-readout","display_name":"visual readout","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-quantitative-measurement","display_name":"semi-quantitative measurement","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-amplification","display_name":"signal amplification","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lateral-flow-assay","display_name":"lateral flow assay","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dipstick-test","display_name":"dipstick test","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfluidic-assay","display_name":"microfluidic assay","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.7910000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6521999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.628600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64841741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491983","display_name":"Point-of-care testing","level":2,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.6c01223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282792","display_name":"ACS Applied Engineering Materials","issn_l":"2771-9545","issn":["2771-9545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Applied Engineering Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.428600013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328679","display_name":"Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0232f6165"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7078112826","display_name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata","ror":"https://ror.org/00msh6959"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":193,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544534947","https://openalex.org/W1987102528","https://openalex.org/W1990577284","https://openalex.org/W2009281456","https://openalex.org/W2027286614","https://openalex.org/W2060324858","https://openalex.org/W2066507855","https://openalex.org/W2101196644","https://openalex.org/W2117608892","https://openalex.org/W2166360514","https://openalex.org/W2286834909","https://openalex.org/W2318043901","https://openalex.org/W2337257378","https://openalex.org/W2601303661","https://openalex.org/W2611193362","https://openalex.org/W2750183028","https://openalex.org/W2750298560","https://openalex.org/W2803072097","https://openalex.org/W2894684962","https://openalex.org/W2913075063","https://openalex.org/W2915214302","https://openalex.org/W2919223469","https://openalex.org/W2924669022","https://openalex.org/W2945758865","https://openalex.org/W2946031406","https://openalex.org/W2946433393","https://openalex.org/W2946656096","https://openalex.org/W2949538977","https://openalex.org/W2953646818","https://openalex.org/W2963454413","https://openalex.org/W2965414493","https://openalex.org/W2965618763","https://openalex.org/W2966183239","https://openalex.org/W2966774414","https://openalex.org/W2968589461","https://openalex.org/W2972742581","https://openalex.org/W2973975434","https://openalex.org/W2996203148","https://openalex.org/W3002758941","https://openalex.org/W3004122079","https://openalex.org/W3005894881","https://openalex.org/W3012577108","https://openalex.org/W3023050981","https://openalex.org/W3032483499","https://openalex.org/W3034823047","https://openalex.org/W3037165037","https://openalex.org/W3037382197","https://openalex.org/W3045510869","https://openalex.org/W3045646972","https://openalex.org/W3047370826","https://openalex.org/W3080886235","https://openalex.org/W3089190864","https://openalex.org/W3094213759","https://openalex.org/W3098306134","https://openalex.org/W3105758370","https://openalex.org/W3106173483","https://openalex.org/W3111812455","https://openalex.org/W3112899583","https://openalex.org/W3116412619","https://openalex.org/W3118864990","https://openalex.org/W3121780711","https://openalex.org/W3125495819","https://openalex.org/W3131941932","https://openalex.org/W3132554978","https://openalex.org/W3135890510","https://openalex.org/W3151995015","https://openalex.org/W3157318470","https://openalex.org/W3158159910","https://openalex.org/W3162084616","https://openalex.org/W3162167896","https://openalex.org/W3170545736","https://openalex.org/W3183505070","https://openalex.org/W3186770079","https://openalex.org/W3193400873","https://openalex.org/W3202684572","https://openalex.org/W3205645559","https://openalex.org/W3211773302","https://openalex.org/W3216704633","https://openalex.org/W3216996757","https://openalex.org/W4200403973","https://openalex.org/W4200549837","https://openalex.org/W4210251455","https://openalex.org/W4210385300","https://openalex.org/W4210668114","https://openalex.org/W4210788471","https://openalex.org/W4212807466","https://openalex.org/W4213355133","https://openalex.org/W4213431599","https://openalex.org/W4214562816","https://openalex.org/W4223915374","https://openalex.org/W4235072027","https://openalex.org/W4237829316","https://openalex.org/W4280638429","https://openalex.org/W4282941643","https://openalex.org/W4283573868","https://openalex.org/W4284664968","https://openalex.org/W4284975051","https://openalex.org/W4294805149","https://openalex.org/W4294920187","https://openalex.org/W4298132502","https://openalex.org/W4303423367","https://openalex.org/W4307885815","https://openalex.org/W4308486833","https://openalex.org/W4309554736","https://openalex.org/W4309726449","https://openalex.org/W4312065128","https://openalex.org/W4312065592","https://openalex.org/W4313643668","https://openalex.org/W4318464476","https://openalex.org/W4318542645","https://openalex.org/W4360840737","https://openalex.org/W4362472987","https://openalex.org/W4365514566","https://openalex.org/W4365802743","https://openalex.org/W4367174494","https://openalex.org/W4367291436","https://openalex.org/W4367723490","https://openalex.org/W4379654082","https://openalex.org/W4383722509","https://openalex.org/W4384929468","https://openalex.org/W4385684123","https://openalex.org/W4386119629","https://openalex.org/W4386307819","https://openalex.org/W4386380010","https://openalex.org/W4391259546","https://openalex.org/W4391517661","https://openalex.org/W4391574979","https://openalex.org/W4392449016","https://openalex.org/W4393006017","https://openalex.org/W4398245235","https://openalex.org/W4399815047","https://openalex.org/W4399901494","https://openalex.org/W4400077485","https://openalex.org/W4400212479","https://openalex.org/W4400248102","https://openalex.org/W4400487227","https://openalex.org/W4401539234","https://openalex.org/W4401760061","https://openalex.org/W4402054941","https://openalex.org/W4402738216","https://openalex.org/W4402922822","https://openalex.org/W4402922930","https://openalex.org/W4403052998","https://openalex.org/W4403616753","https://openalex.org/W4403703866","https://openalex.org/W4404195552","https://openalex.org/W4404195761","https://openalex.org/W4404205995","https://openalex.org/W4404312337","https://openalex.org/W4404494643","https://openalex.org/W4405569452","https://openalex.org/W4405572927","https://openalex.org/W4405988338","https://openalex.org/W4406335194","https://openalex.org/W4406335235","https://openalex.org/W4407564697","https://openalex.org/W4408275902","https://openalex.org/W4408998013","https://openalex.org/W4409061559","https://openalex.org/W4409325535","https://openalex.org/W4409727553","https://openalex.org/W4410040188","https://openalex.org/W4410406212","https://openalex.org/W4410512034","https://openalex.org/W4411045765","https://openalex.org/W4411056188","https://openalex.org/W4411142084","https://openalex.org/W4412070194","https://openalex.org/W4412816193","https://openalex.org/W4412856668","https://openalex.org/W4412995944","https://openalex.org/W4413043049","https://openalex.org/W4413450224","https://openalex.org/W4414296387","https://openalex.org/W4414886646","https://openalex.org/W4416008118","https://openalex.org/W4417031046","https://openalex.org/W7117466315","https://openalex.org/W7119594574","https://openalex.org/W7119960493","https://openalex.org/W7125127681","https://openalex.org/W7126016468","https://openalex.org/W7127322442","https://openalex.org/W7128782531","https://openalex.org/W7130927252","https://openalex.org/W7131212783","https://openalex.org/W7137848842","https://openalex.org/W7138943293","https://openalex.org/W7140213791","https://openalex.org/W7147350871","https://openalex.org/W7155056509","https://openalex.org/W7202255460","https://openalex.org/W7204197335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2941120812","https://openalex.org/W2957798012","https://openalex.org/W2274739367","https://openalex.org/W2028146192","https://openalex.org/W7163433892","https://openalex.org/W2088383477","https://openalex.org/W2584935790","https://openalex.org/W7203613040","https://openalex.org/W4385770991","https://openalex.org/W2290001930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Colourimetric":[1],"point-of-care":[2],"testing":[3],"(POCT)":[4],"devices":[5,17],"are":[6],"promising":[7],"for":[8,18,26,34,136],"rapid,":[9],"cost-effective":[10],"diagnosis;":[11],"however,":[12],"many":[13],"rely":[14],"on":[15,96,108],"external":[16],"quantification,":[19],"compromising":[20,46],"their":[21],"simplicity,":[22],"portability,":[23],"and":[24,101,120,146,173],"suitability":[25],"low-resource":[27],"settings.":[28,182],"The":[29],"review":[30,152],"underscores":[31],"the":[32,47,51,84,167],"need":[33],"next-generation":[35],"reader-free":[36,67,174],"systems":[37],"that":[38,164],"integrate":[39],"semi-quantitative":[40,138],"measurements":[41],"with":[42,58,65,104],"visual":[43,56,110,148],"interpretability":[44],"without":[45],"operational":[48],"simplicity":[49],"of":[50],"POCT":[52,69,93,175],"devices.":[53],"Simultaneously":[54],"achieving":[55],"detectability":[57],"reliable":[59,81,170],"quantification":[60],"is":[61],"a":[62,105,156],"major":[63],"challenge":[64],"existing":[66],"colourimetric":[68,92],"platforms,":[70],"as":[71],"enhanced":[72],"signal":[73,128],"amplification":[74,129],"does":[75],"not":[76],"always":[77],"guarantee":[78],"accurate":[79],"or":[80],"interpretation":[82,115],"by":[83,134],"naked":[85],"eye.":[86],"This":[87],"study":[88],"systematically":[89],"evaluates":[90],"state-of-the-art":[91],"designs":[94],"based":[95],"lateral":[97],"flow,":[98],"dipstick,":[99],"microfluidic,":[100],"hydrogel":[102],"systems,":[103],"primary":[106],"focus":[107],"improving":[109],"detection":[111],"thresholds,":[112],"overcoming":[113],"subjective":[114],"bias,":[116],"enhancing":[117],"analytical":[118],"performance,":[119],"moving":[121],"towards":[122,159],"instrument-free":[123],"quantitative":[124,171],"measurement.":[125],"Thereafter,":[126],"multiscale":[127],"strategies":[130],"were":[131],"discussed,":[132],"followed":[133],"approaches":[135],"user-independent":[137],"measurement,":[139],"including":[140],"colour":[141],"reference":[142],"standards,":[143],"distance-based":[144],"readouts,":[145],"time-dependent":[147],"assays.":[149],"Overall,":[150],"this":[151],"aims":[153],"to":[154],"provide":[155],"rationalistic":[157],"approach":[158],"developing":[160],"advanced":[161],"diagnostic":[162],"platforms":[163],"effectively":[165],"bridge":[166],"gap":[168],"between":[169],"analysis":[172],"detection,":[176],"thereby":[177],"facilitating":[178],"deployment":[179],"in":[180],"resource-limited":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}