{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225083172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","title":"Mechanism of shear strength enhancement of expansive soil by using MICP","display_name":"Mechanism of shear strength enhancement of expansive soil by using MICP","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225083172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164417264","display_name":"SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS","issn_l":"0038-0806","issn":["0038-0806","1881-1418","2524-1788"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Soils and Foundations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160334011","display_name":"Ming Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160329785","display_name":"Fangliang Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangliang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048333682","display_name":"E.C. Leong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.C. Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124867619","display_name":"Lehan Tian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lehan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065084416","display_name":"Zhanfei Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-7323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-7323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanfei Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030084166","display_name":"Zhenmin Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-0674","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-0674","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9856-0182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenmin Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmnetal Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, No. 15 Wenyuan West Road, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160370547","display_name":"Rui Niu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Prevention and Control Center for the Geological Disaster of Henan Geological Bureau, No. 28 Jinshui Road, 450016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Prevention and Control Center for the Geological Disaster of Henan Geological Bureau, No. 28 Jinshui Road, 450016, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160334011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75555692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"6","first_page":"101894","last_page":"101894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12247","display_name":"Microbial Applications in Construction Materials","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12247","display_name":"Microbial Applications in Construction Materials","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13596","display_name":"Grouting, Rheology, and Soil Mechanics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expansive-soil","display_name":"expansive soil","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbially-induced-calcite-precipitation","display_name":"microbially induced calcite precipitation","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-stabilization","display_name":"soil stabilization","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curing-mechanism","display_name":"curing mechanism","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.7501000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127893833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7492185","display_name":"Shear strength (soil)","level":3,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018344627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1925224","display_name":"Failure mechanism","level":2,"score":0.5813999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1121360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626102","display_name":"Expansive clay","level":3,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96035792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43606218","display_name":"Shear (geology)","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780502288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28838156","display_name":"Expansive","level":3,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41151612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280388","display_name":"Direct shear test","level":3,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198707218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752723","display_name":"Triaxial shear test","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779622475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554963","display_name":"Soil structure interaction","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164417264","display_name":"SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS","issn_l":"0038-0806","issn":["0038-0806","1881-1418","2524-1788"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Soils and Foundations","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2026.101894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164417264","display_name":"SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS","issn_l":"0038-0806","issn":["0038-0806","1881-1418","2524-1788"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Soils and Foundations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973669178","https://openalex.org/W1985720867","https://openalex.org/W1993573327","https://openalex.org/W1998198899","https://openalex.org/W2024624509","https://openalex.org/W2033453147","https://openalex.org/W2033652129","https://openalex.org/W2040927128","https://openalex.org/W2051382488","https://openalex.org/W2057611907","https://openalex.org/W2070394663","https://openalex.org/W2070627790","https://openalex.org/W2094082807","https://openalex.org/W2131227051","https://openalex.org/W2510068562","https://openalex.org/W2680004267","https://openalex.org/W2795558127","https://openalex.org/W2797358710","https://openalex.org/W2963912935","https://openalex.org/W2964061665","https://openalex.org/W2998139388","https://openalex.org/W3008338662","https://openalex.org/W3043752241","https://openalex.org/W3048767980","https://openalex.org/W3110669934","https://openalex.org/W3127853019","https://openalex.org/W3131813835","https://openalex.org/W3142274479","https://openalex.org/W3153979471","https://openalex.org/W3161338336","https://openalex.org/W3174502702","https://openalex.org/W3197744063","https://openalex.org/W3211133777","https://openalex.org/W4200193518","https://openalex.org/W4220687808","https://openalex.org/W4223558908","https://openalex.org/W4235755884","https://openalex.org/W4285260305","https://openalex.org/W4289261919","https://openalex.org/W4298130580","https://openalex.org/W4315645397","https://openalex.org/W4327918567","https://openalex.org/W4386401355","https://openalex.org/W4387998318","https://openalex.org/W4388586215","https://openalex.org/W4390233950","https://openalex.org/W4396829650","https://openalex.org/W4398146997","https://openalex.org/W4400772622","https://openalex.org/W4400986239","https://openalex.org/W4401086033","https://openalex.org/W4404148221","https://openalex.org/W4405231770","https://openalex.org/W4405905212","https://openalex.org/W4405941425","https://openalex.org/W4406370277","https://openalex.org/W4406707275","https://openalex.org/W4406852079","https://openalex.org/W4406980195","https://openalex.org/W4408462108","https://openalex.org/W4408977676","https://openalex.org/W4411715937","https://openalex.org/W4411832778","https://openalex.org/W4411968773","https://openalex.org/W4413075749","https://openalex.org/W4413106336","https://openalex.org/W4414191776","https://openalex.org/W4415664419","https://openalex.org/W7124944597","https://openalex.org/W7131300642","https://openalex.org/W7168144806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220806002","https://openalex.org/W3197905275","https://openalex.org/W4399216176","https://openalex.org/W4414191776","https://openalex.org/W4242859881","https://openalex.org/W2925124840","https://openalex.org/W4232097626","https://openalex.org/W4220687808","https://openalex.org/W3152206075","https://openalex.org/W4206843977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Expansive":[0],"soils":[1,46,249],"are":[2],"widely":[3],"distributed":[4],"across":[5],"China":[6],"and":[7,19,39,67,140,216,240,253,259,283,293,296,312,321,331,352],"pose":[8],"considerable":[9],"challenges":[10],"to":[11,33,57,127,235,257],"engineering":[12],"construction":[13],"because":[14],"of":[15,61,74,83,106,186,222,300,342,358],"their":[16],"pronounced":[17,118,174],"swelling":[18],"shrinkage":[20],"behavior.":[21],"Although":[22],"microbially":[23],"induced":[24],"calcium":[25,152,196,242],"carbonate":[26,153,197,243],"precipitation":[27,154],"(MICP)":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"extensively":[31],"applied":[32],"reinforce":[34],"coarse-grained":[35,226],"soils,":[36,227],"its":[37],"effectiveness":[38],"microscale":[40],"reinforcement":[41],"mechanisms":[42],"in":[43,228,360],"fine-grained":[44],"expansive":[45,75,108,248,344],"remain":[47,236],"insufficiently":[48],"understood.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"study,":[52],"laboratory":[53],"tests":[54],"were":[55],"conducted":[56],"investigate":[58],"the":[59,71,84,103,107,116,130,135,144,160,172,178,184,195,211,220,288,298,307,315,339,343,356],"effects":[60,327],"bacterial":[62,113],"concentration,":[63,66,114],"cementation":[64,131,145],"solution":[65,132,146],"curing":[68,169],"time":[69],"on":[70,219,262,279],"shear":[72,104,136,161,164,340],"strength":[73,105,137,165,187,341],"soil":[76,86,109,214,310],"treated":[77,85],"with":[78,94,111,115,168,171],"MICP.":[79],"The":[80,99,163,207,266],"microstructural":[81],"evolution":[82],"was":[87,202],"characterized":[88],"using":[89],"scanning":[90],"electron":[91],"microscopy":[92],"coupled":[93],"energy-dispersive":[95],"X-ray":[96],"spectroscopy":[97],"(SEM-EDS).":[98],"results":[100],"showed":[101],"that":[102,194],"increased":[110,124,139,167],"increasing":[112],"most":[117,173],"improvement":[119,175],"occurring":[120,176],"as":[121,205],"OD":[122],"600":[123],"from":[125],"0":[126],"1.0.":[128],"As":[129],"concentration":[133,147],"increased,":[134],"initially":[138],"subsequently":[141],"decreased.":[142,190],"When":[143],"exceeded":[148],"1.0":[149],"mol/L,":[150],"excessive":[151],"caused":[155],"pore":[156],"blockage,":[157],"thereby":[158,275,337],"reducing":[159],"strength.":[162],"also":[166],"time,":[170],"during":[177,199,334],"first":[179],"7":[180],"days,":[181],"after":[182],"which":[183,229],"rate":[185],"gain":[188],"gradually":[189],"Microstructural":[191],"analyses":[192],"indicated":[193],"generated":[198],"MICP":[200,359],"treatment":[201],"predominantly":[203],"deposited":[204],"calcite.":[206],"precipitated":[208],"calcite":[209,273,277,289,316],"filled":[210],"pores":[212,232,252,295],"between":[213,245,309],"particles":[215,311],"formed":[217],"coatings":[218,290,317],"surfaces":[221,282],"clay":[223,263,280,285,301],"particles.":[224],"Unlike":[225],"relatively":[230],"large":[231],"allow":[233],"bacteria":[234,261,268],"within":[237],"interparticle":[238,292,323],"spaces":[239],"induce":[241],"bridges":[244],"adjacent":[246],"particles,":[247],"possess":[250],"smaller":[251],"a":[254,349],"greater":[255],"capacity":[256],"adsorb":[258],"retain":[260],"particle":[264,281,329],"surfaces.":[265],"adsorbed":[267],"provide":[269,348],"nucleation":[270],"sites":[271],"for":[272,355],"precipitation,":[274],"promoting":[276],"accumulation":[278],"around":[284],"aggregates.":[286,302],"Consequently,":[287],"fill":[291],"interaggregate":[294],"enhance":[297],"stability":[299],"This":[303],"process":[304],"substantially":[305],"increases":[306],"cohesion":[308],"aggregates,":[313],"while":[314],"increase":[318],"surface":[319],"roughness":[320],"improve":[322],"friction.":[324],"Together,":[325],"these":[326],"restrict":[328],"displacement":[330],"shear-band":[332],"development":[333],"direct":[335],"shear,":[336],"enhancing":[338],"soil.":[345],"These":[346],"findings":[347],"scientific":[350],"basis":[351],"practical":[353],"guidance":[354],"application":[357],"expansive-soil":[361],"stabilization.":[362]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}