{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225075801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","title":"Redesigning AI-Enabled Computing Courses as Socio-Technical Instructional Systems: PLS-SEM and Implementation Evidence from a Chinese Science and Engineering University","display_name":"Redesigning AI-Enabled Computing Courses as Socio-Technical Instructional Systems: PLS-SEM and Implementation Evidence from a Chinese Science and Engineering University","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225075801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14111380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160343243","display_name":"Zhaolin Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaolin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160366053","display_name":"Shifa Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shifa Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100583891","display_name":"Linlin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6900-9618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6900-9618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102293421","display_name":"Yalei Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050538739","display_name":"Xianyin Zhan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianyin Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Transport Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160343243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89910277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"1380","last_page":"1380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.8485999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.8485999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13034","display_name":"Information Systems Education and Curriculum Development","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12260","display_name":"Educational Technology and Pedagogy","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-redesign","display_name":"course redesign","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"student engagement","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-satisfaction","display_name":"student satisfaction","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovative-assessment","display_name":"assessment innovation","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-experience","display_name":"teaching experience","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-renewal","display_name":"resource renewal","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"personalization","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-integration-in-higher-education","display_name":"AI integration in higher education","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108771440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368475","display_name":"Lifelong learning","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993955422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Science and engineering","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777045944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12170198","display_name":"Zh\u00e0ng","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67953723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192525","display_name":"Workstation","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3411662","display_name":"Outcome-based education","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14111380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14111380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14111380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580022002","https://openalex.org/W1721421031","https://openalex.org/W1967747674","https://openalex.org/W2010593734","https://openalex.org/W2047706901","https://openalex.org/W2049159124","https://openalex.org/W2088476684","https://openalex.org/W2088477804","https://openalex.org/W2105846236","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2116323796","https://openalex.org/W2137125422","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2170510658","https://openalex.org/W2528032239","https://openalex.org/W2561541699","https://openalex.org/W2905811773","https://openalex.org/W2981863007","https://openalex.org/W3210383951","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4321499901","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4366420437","https://openalex.org/W4386584937","https://openalex.org/W4391006361","https://openalex.org/W4392166859","https://openalex.org/W4392774538","https://openalex.org/W4398243313","https://openalex.org/W4399790131","https://openalex.org/W4403602704","https://openalex.org/W4407778399","https://openalex.org/W4410034939","https://openalex.org/W7136324070","https://openalex.org/W7204271942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204130886","https://openalex.org/W4412757398","https://openalex.org/W7084098828","https://openalex.org/W7143513857","https://openalex.org/W7208711399","https://openalex.org/W7154688658","https://openalex.org/W7221779613","https://openalex.org/W7163370816","https://openalex.org/W7117313580","https://openalex.org/W4396665522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"integration":[3],"in":[4],"computing":[5,33],"education":[6],"is":[7],"often":[8],"evaluated":[9],"as":[10,35,57],"tool":[11],"adoption,":[12],"although":[13],"course":[14],"performance":[15],"emerges":[16],"from":[17,54],"interdependencies":[18],"among":[19],"students,":[20],"instructors,":[21],"tasks,":[22],"platforms,":[23],"assessment,":[24,102],"governance,":[25],"and":[26,39,59,62,64,72,99,116,142,159,164,173,192],"environmental":[27],"constraints.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30],"conceptualized":[31],"AI-enabled":[32],"courses":[34,55],"socio-technical":[36],"instructional":[37,128],"systems":[38],"examined":[40],"associations":[41],"within":[42],"a":[43,69,82,179,194],"theoretically":[44],"proposed":[45],"readiness\u2013quality\u2013engagement\u2013satisfaction":[46],"pathway.":[47],"The":[48,176],"primary":[49],"dataset":[50],"comprised":[51],"122":[52],"responses":[53,76],"such":[56],"Algorithms":[58],"Data":[60],"Structures,":[61],"Principles":[63],"Applications":[65],"of":[66,149],"Databases":[67],"at":[68],"Chinese":[70],"science":[71],"engineering":[73],"university;":[74],"108":[75],"remained":[77],"for":[78,197],"inferential":[79],"analysis":[80,120],"after":[81],"conservative":[83],"joint":[84],"quality":[85],"screen.":[86],"A":[87],"separate":[88],"57-response":[89],"survey":[90],"database":[91],"(GaussDB)":[92],"provided":[93],"implementation-layer":[94],"evidence.":[95],"Factorability":[96],"diagnostics,":[97],"formative":[98],"reflective":[100],"measurement":[101],"partial":[103],"least":[104],"squares":[105],"structural":[106],"equation":[107],"modeling":[108],"(PLS-SEM),":[109],"5000-resample":[110],"bootstrap":[111],"indirect-effect":[112],"analysis,":[113,115],"sensitivity":[114],"correlation-based":[117],"item-level":[118],"importance\u2013performance":[119],"were":[121,166],"applied.":[122],"Course":[123],"readiness":[124],"was":[125,132,137],"associated":[126,133,139,144],"with":[127,134,140],"system":[129],"quality,":[130],"which":[131],"engagement.":[135],"Quality":[136],"directly":[138],"satisfaction":[141,150],"indirectly":[143],"through":[145],"engagement,":[146],"explaining":[147],"55.2%":[148],"variance.":[151],"Assessment":[152],"innovation,":[153],"AI/digital-skill":[154],"weighting,":[155],"teaching":[156],"experience,":[157],"case":[158],"courseware":[160],"integration,":[161],"resource":[162],"renewal,":[163],"personalization":[165],"priorities;":[167],"the":[168],"GaussDB":[169],"evidence":[170],"highlighted":[171],"connectivity":[172],"diagnostic":[174],"usability.":[175],"results":[177],"support":[178],"six-stage":[180],"redesign":[181],"loop":[182],"centered":[183],"on":[184],"high-quality":[185],"learning":[186],"rather":[187],"than":[188],"maximum":[189],"AI":[190],"use":[191],"provide":[193],"reproducible":[195],"baseline":[196],"longitudinal,":[198],"multi-institutional":[199],"evaluation.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}