{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225075261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","title":"Ketone Bodies as Fuels, Signals, and Redox Modulators","display_name":"Ketone Bodies as Fuels, Signals, and Redox Modulators","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225075261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox15111418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115849070","display_name":"Isabel Vi\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6571-152X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6571-152X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111366","display_name":"Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01ygm5w19","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111366"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Vi\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain","IVB Wellness Lab, C/Col\u00f3n 12, 46004 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6571-152X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210111366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IVB Wellness Lab, C/Col\u00f3n 12, 46004 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037078453","display_name":"Consuelo Borr\u00e1s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-1792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-1792","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5191-8033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115082","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red","ror":"https://ror.org/02g87qh62","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149569","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable","ror":"https://ror.org/04j0sev46","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4210149569","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Consuelo Borr\u00e1s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-1792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4210149569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376787","display_name":"Juan R. Vin\u00e3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-3615","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-3615"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan R. Vi\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Academia de Medicina de la Comunidad Valenciana, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Academia de Medicina de la Comunidad Valenciana, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46010 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029671536","display_name":"Federico Vicente Pallard\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-1980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-1980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111366","display_name":"Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01ygm5w19","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111366"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico V. Pallard\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-1980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210111366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061232265","display_name":"Cristina Mas\u2010Bargues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-1894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-1894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115082","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red","ror":"https://ror.org/02g87qh62","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149569","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable","ror":"https://ror.org/04j0sev46","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4210149569","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Mas-Bargues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-1894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4210149569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037078453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4210149569"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85266667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"1418","last_page":"1418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12267","display_name":"Diet and metabolism studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12267","display_name":"Diet and metabolism studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12745","display_name":"Dietary Effects on Health","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11027","display_name":"Metabolism and Genetic Disorders","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ketone-bodies","display_name":"ketone bodies","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acetoacetate","display_name":"acetoacetate","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-hydroxybutyrate","display_name":"beta-hydroxybutyrate","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redox-homeostasis","display_name":"redox homeostasis","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nrf2-activation","display_name":"Nrf2 activation","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foxo3","display_name":"FOXO3","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histone-deacetylase-inhibition","display_name":"histone deacetylase inhibition","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hcar2","display_name":"HCAR2","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nlrp3-inflammasome","display_name":"NLRP3 inflammasome","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hormesis","display_name":"hormesis","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-response","display_name":"antioxidant response","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coenzyme-q10","display_name":"coenzyme Q10","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutathione","display_name":"glutathione","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ketogenic-diet","display_name":"ketogenic diet","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fasting","display_name":"fasting","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caloric-restriction","display_name":"caloric restriction","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84693403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14913195","display_name":"Ketogenesis","level":4,"score":0.8634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31532488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746183","display_name":"Ketone bodies","level":3,"score":0.7716000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.640500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55904794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682","display_name":"Redox","level":2,"score":0.6326000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777738585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170744","display_name":"Ketone","level":2,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57600042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227564","display_name":"Oxidative phosphorylation","level":2,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538909803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116907","display_name":"Glutathione","level":3,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119157956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796604","display_name":"Acetylation","level":3,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778305200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174378","display_name":"Histone deacetylase","level":4,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306213","display_name":"Beta oxidation","level":3,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64927066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36293","display_name":"Histone","level":3,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53345823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531554","display_name":"Gene isoform","level":3,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28859421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39572","display_name":"Mitochondrion","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77176794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187689","display_name":"Oxidizing agent","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127078168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138639","display_name":"Peroxisome","level":3,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197957613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407280","display_name":"Cofactor","level":3,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75520062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15321392","display_name":"NAD+ kinase","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98539663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220599","display_name":"Cytosol","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186256576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058294","display_name":"Hormesis","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20251656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162643","display_name":"Glycolysis","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776016237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178430","display_name":"Lysine","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186474","display_name":"Cysteine","level":3,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994476132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898539","display_name":"Lipid oxidation","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox15111418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox15111418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W642359392","https://openalex.org/W1759750343","https://openalex.org/W1827211888","https://openalex.org/W1970226275","https://openalex.org/W1971876285","https://openalex.org/W1974633668","https://openalex.org/W1976266172","https://openalex.org/W1978597359","https://openalex.org/W1994864081","https://openalex.org/W1997113758","https://openalex.org/W2034763077","https://openalex.org/W2035657933","https://openalex.org/W2036551825","https://openalex.org/W2039543531","https://openalex.org/W2053465680","https://openalex.org/W2062420270","https://openalex.org/W2067519780","https://openalex.org/W2067842066","https://openalex.org/W2076815798","https://openalex.org/W2081262717","https://openalex.org/W2083741341","https://openalex.org/W2088107199","https://openalex.org/W2090600090","https://openalex.org/W2100322766","https://openalex.org/W2101042964","https://openalex.org/W2104938317","https://openalex.org/W2116449899","https://openalex.org/W2129123666","https://openalex.org/W2136503478","https://openalex.org/W2145615169","https://openalex.org/W2154970636","https://openalex.org/W2157201312","https://openalex.org/W2158025896","https://openalex.org/W2161372685","https://openalex.org/W2168854431","https://openalex.org/W2237527515","https://openalex.org/W2253712555","https://openalex.org/W2274126817","https://openalex.org/W2285042112","https://openalex.org/W2337350186","https://openalex.org/W2412800896","https://openalex.org/W2414158223","https://openalex.org/W2415674327","https://openalex.org/W2482292220","https://openalex.org/W2518997301","https://openalex.org/W2556344533","https://openalex.org/W2562858475","https://openalex.org/W2587156779","https://openalex.org/W2594548735","https://openalex.org/W2747163024","https://openalex.org/W2750582921","https://openalex.org/W2750998547","https://openalex.org/W2761703425","https://openalex.org/W2763871199","https://openalex.org/W2766781761","https://openalex.org/W2788898766","https://openalex.org/W2799787925","https://openalex.org/W2800658350","https://openalex.org/W2890368241","https://openalex.org/W2911396153","https://openalex.org/W2917226475","https://openalex.org/W2925036255","https://openalex.org/W2935591242","https://openalex.org/W2942892071","https://openalex.org/W2950312087","https://openalex.org/W2969784858","https://openalex.org/W2971602650","https://openalex.org/W2984513424","https://openalex.org/W2989514128","https://openalex.org/W2990861714","https://openalex.org/W3011029919","https://openalex.org/W3031462206","https://openalex.org/W3034534177","https://openalex.org/W3087077238","https://openalex.org/W3103776403","https://openalex.org/W3113758882","https://openalex.org/W3132704468","https://openalex.org/W3135370989","https://openalex.org/W3160863677","https://openalex.org/W3198384913","https://openalex.org/W3206583850","https://openalex.org/W4200456656","https://openalex.org/W4220925329","https://openalex.org/W4225100118","https://openalex.org/W4399437494","https://openalex.org/W4399564767","https://openalex.org/W4399923484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3206583850","https://openalex.org/W2036551825","https://openalex.org/W4200456656","https://openalex.org/W2587156779","https://openalex.org/W3011029919","https://openalex.org/W4294170342","https://openalex.org/W4390668314","https://openalex.org/W2033807650","https://openalex.org/W3094833252","https://openalex.org/W2990861714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ketone":[0],"bodies":[1,69],"(acetoacetate,":[2],"AcAc,":[3,178],"and":[4,31,50,75,78,114,128,136,156,168,198,202,210,223,243,263,276,298,303,306],"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate,":[5],"\u03b2OHB)":[6],"have":[7],"traditionally":[8],"been":[9,173],"regarded":[10],"as":[11,21,70,73,79,221,227,246],"alternative":[12],"energy":[13],"substrates":[14,94],"produced":[15],"when":[16],"the":[17,52,55,63,105,138,148,162,165,170,188,194,240,256,269,307,312],"glucagon-to-insulin":[18],"ratio":[19],"rises,":[20],"occurs":[22],"during":[23],"fasting,":[24,260],"time-restricted":[25],"eating,":[26],"carbohydrate":[27],"restriction,":[28,262],"ketogenic":[29],"diets,":[30],"endurance":[32],"exercise.":[33],"Growing":[34],"evidence":[35,56,64,150],"indicates":[36],"that":[37,95,98,215,259,277],"their":[38],"functions":[39,48],"extend":[40],"beyond":[41],"fuel":[42],"provision.":[43],"This":[44],"review":[45],"brings":[46],"these":[47,154,316],"together":[49],"assesses":[51],"strength":[53,146],"of":[54,59,81,108,147,268,273,292,315],"supporting":[57,149],"each":[58,160],"them.":[60],"We":[61,213,287],"organize":[62],"along":[65],"three":[66],"axes:":[67],"ketone":[68,185,274],"oxidative":[71],"fuels,":[72,85],"receptor":[74],"epigenetic":[76],"signals,":[77],"modulators":[80],"redox":[82,183,279],"homeostasis.":[83],"As":[84,118,182],"hepatic":[86],"ketogenesis":[87],"converts":[88],"adipose-derived":[89],"lipid":[90],"carbon":[91],"into":[92],"water-soluble":[93],"reach":[96],"tissues":[97],"cannot":[99],"oxidize":[100],"long-chain":[101],"fatty":[102],"acids,":[103],"with":[104],"mitochondrial":[106,189],"isoform":[107],"HMG-CoA":[109],"synthase":[110],"(HMGCS2)":[111],"controlling":[112,116],"production":[113],"SCOT/OXCT1":[115],"utilization.":[117],"a":[119,228,233,247,290],"signaling":[120],"molecule,":[121],"\u03b2OHB":[122],"engages":[123],"HCAR2,":[124],"inhibits":[125],"class":[126],"I":[127],"IIa":[129],"histone":[130,142],"deacetylases,":[131],"suppresses":[132],"NLRP3":[133],"inflammasome":[134],"activation,":[135],"donates":[137],"acyl":[139],"group":[140],"for":[141,159,175,177,180],"lysine":[143],"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrylation.":[144],"The":[145],"is":[151,218,258],"uneven":[152],"across":[153],"mechanisms,":[155],"we":[157],"indicate":[158],"one":[161],"experimental":[163],"system,":[164],"concentration":[166],"range,":[167],"whether":[169],"effect":[171],"has":[172],"shown":[174],"\u03b2OHB,":[176],"or":[179],"both.":[181],"modulators,":[184],"oxidation":[186],"reduces":[187],"NAD+/NADH":[190],"couple":[191],"while":[192],"oxidizing":[193],"coenzyme":[195],"Q":[196],"pool,":[197],"\u03b2OHB-dependent":[199],"HDAC":[200],"inhibition":[201],"Nrf2":[203,297],"activation":[204],"induce":[205],"FOXO3A,":[206],"catalase,":[207],"MnSOD,":[208],"NQO1,":[209],"glutathione":[211],"synthesis.":[212],"argue":[214],"this":[216],"response":[217],"best":[219],"described":[220],"hormetic":[222],"context-dependent":[224],"rather":[225],"than":[226],"universal":[229],"antioxidant":[230],"effect,":[231],"since":[232],"transient":[234],"pro-oxidant":[235,248],"signal":[236],"appears":[237],"to":[238,310],"initiate":[239],"defense":[241],"program":[242],"AcAc":[244],"behaves":[245],"at":[249],"supraphysiological":[250],"concentrations.":[251],"A":[252],"recurrent":[253],"difficulty":[254],"in":[255],"field":[257],"caloric":[261],"exercise":[264],"also":[265],"engage":[266],"most":[267],"pathways":[270],"involved,":[271],"independent":[272],"bodies,":[275],"human":[278,294],"data":[280],"from":[281],"endogenous":[282],"physiological":[283],"ketosis":[284],"remain":[285],"scarce.":[286],"therefore":[288],"propose":[289],"shortlist":[291],"measurable":[293],"endpoints,":[295],"including":[296],"FOXO":[299],"target":[300],"genes,":[301],"SOD":[302],"catalase":[304],"activity,":[305],"GSH/GSSG":[308],"ratio,":[309],"test":[311],"ketone-specific":[313],"component":[314],"effects.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-03T00:00:00"}