{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225065339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704261470337","title":"Labour Market Outcomes of International vs. Domestic Pharmacy Graduates: Evidence From Ontario, Canada","display_name":"Labour Market Outcomes of International vs. Domestic Pharmacy Graduates: Evidence From Ontario, Canada","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225065339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704261470337","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42967621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/08404704261470337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704261470337","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704261470337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1353648","display_name":"Healthcare Management Forum","issn_l":"0840-4704","issn":["0840-4704","2352-3883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare Management Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125903433","display_name":"Olexiy Pukhov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2033-9944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2033-9944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olexiy Pukhov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2033-9944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045765865","display_name":"Lisa R Dolovich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0061-6783","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0061-6783"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Dolovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001344402","display_name":"Alex Hoagland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-3445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-3445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Hoagland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037815514","display_name":"Jamie Kellar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-7640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-7640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Kellar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051317639","display_name":"Paul V. Grootendorst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-2834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-2834"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Grootendorst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125903433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":3200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3200},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87470955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"1_suppl","first_page":"S19","last_page":"S26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacist-workforce","display_name":"pharmacist workforce","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-market-integration","display_name":"labour market integration","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-pharmacy","display_name":"community pharmacy","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/owner-operators","display_name":"owner-operators","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-policy","display_name":"immigration policy","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-concordance","display_name":"language concordance","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-pharmacy","display_name":"hospital pharmacy","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontario","display_name":"Ontario","score":0.734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.8356999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104863432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmacy","level":2,"score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779457091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105186","display_name":"Pharmacist","level":3,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3604424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmacy practice","level":3,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779968149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034851","display_name":"Workforce development","level":3,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994493120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13107184","display_name":"Community pharmacy","level":3,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10446079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155491","display_name":"Clinical pharmacy","level":3,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984259395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2029911","display_name":"Professional services","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994224047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190656","display_name":"Ethnically diverse","level":3,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005551","descriptor_name":"Foreign Professional Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009864","descriptor_name":"Ontario","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010594","descriptor_name":"Pharmacies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010595","descriptor_name":"Pharmacists","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010595","descriptor_name":"Pharmacists","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/08404704261470337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704261470337","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704261470337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1353648","display_name":"Healthcare Management Forum","issn_l":"0840-4704","issn":["0840-4704","2352-3883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare Management Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42967621","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42967621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Healthcare management forum","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.428600013256073,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111861971","https://openalex.org/W1506103200","https://openalex.org/W1992550222","https://openalex.org/W2017573695","https://openalex.org/W2995407450","https://openalex.org/W4281648476","https://openalex.org/W4303423836","https://openalex.org/W4387115801","https://openalex.org/W4390508699","https://openalex.org/W4411250574","https://openalex.org/W6945204852","https://openalex.org/W7152675980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7132880087","https://openalex.org/W4387115801","https://openalex.org/W2061256371","https://openalex.org/W789430578","https://openalex.org/W2171432014","https://openalex.org/W6992739088","https://openalex.org/W2955264219","https://openalex.org/W3198308109","https://openalex.org/W4394880482","https://openalex.org/W2036178478"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"International":[0],"Pharmacy":[1,52],"Graduates":[2,53],"(IPGs)":[3],"comprise":[4],"over":[5],"half":[6],"of":[7,24,35,85,94],"Ontario's":[8,96],"pharmacist":[9],"workforce,":[10],"yet":[11],"Canadian":[12],"evidence":[13],"on":[14,28],"their":[15],"labour":[16],"market":[17],"integration":[18,129],"is":[19,99,126],"limited.":[20],"Using":[21],"Ontario":[22],"College":[23],"Pharmacists":[25],"registry":[26],"data":[27],"17,033":[29],"Part":[30],"A":[31],"pharmacists":[32,61],"licensed":[33],"as":[34],"March":[36],"2025,":[37],"we":[38],"compared":[39],"employment":[40],"sectors,":[41],"community":[42,74,112],"pharmacy":[43,97,107],"formats,":[44],"and":[45,50,83],"owner-operator":[46],"rates":[47,56],"between":[48],"IPGs":[49,76,109],"Domestic":[51],"(DPGs).":[54],"Owner-operator":[55],"were":[57,87],"highest":[58],"among":[59],"Egyptian-trained":[60],"(41%);":[62],"all":[63],"IPG":[64,116],"groups":[65],"exceeded":[66],"Ontario-trained":[67],"(11%).":[68],"Recent":[69],"licensees":[70],"worked":[71],"in":[72,111],"corporate":[73],"pharmacies.":[75],"from":[77],"Egypt,":[78],"India/Pakistan/Bangladesh,":[79],"the":[80],"Middle":[81],"East,":[82],"Rest":[84],"World":[86],"59%":[88],"to":[89],"77%":[90],"multilingual":[91,115],"vs.":[92],"24%":[93],"Ontario-trained.":[95],"workforce":[98,117],"segmented":[100],"by":[101],"training":[102],"origin;":[103],"DPGs":[104],"dominate":[105],"hospital":[106],"while":[108],"concentrate":[110],"pharmacy.":[113],"The":[114],"serving":[118],"ethnically":[119],"diverse":[120],"catchments":[121],"suggests":[122],"current":[123],"immigration":[124],"policy":[125],"delivering":[127],"an":[128],"pathway":[130],"that":[131],"may":[132],"expand":[133],"language-concordant":[134],"access.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-02T00:00:00"}