{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225065017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","title":"Building Ungameable Trust Networks for Curated Directories: Decentralized Filtering Without Central Authority","display_name":"Building Ungameable Trust Networks for Curated Directories: Decentralized Filtering Without Central Authority","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225065017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23852189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133445723","display_name":"Geoffrey Howland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7752-341X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7752-341X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howland, Geoffrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7752-341X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133445723"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89736488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.48019999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.48019999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.14890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.0966000035405159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-filtering","display_name":"decentralized filtering","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-networks","display_name":"trust networks","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-ranking","display_name":"search engine ranking","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affiliate-marketing","display_name":"affiliate marketing","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-reviews","display_name":"fake reviews","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-advertising","display_name":"search engine advertising","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-hallucination","display_name":"AI hallucination","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-and-discovery","display_name":"search and discovery","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779066997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6452087","display_name":"Extortion","level":2,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139569457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666223","display_name":"Intermediary","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778059363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483426","display_name":"Intranet","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130500901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148461","display_name":"Organic search","level":5,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101293273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579716","display_name":"User-generated content","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776967331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132131","display_name":"Loyalty","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23852189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23852190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23852189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23852189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2947195015","https://openalex.org/W7097177233","https://openalex.org/W2293156968","https://openalex.org/W6941363986","https://openalex.org/W2937283288","https://openalex.org/W3170935673","https://openalex.org/W7160857825","https://openalex.org/W3106272499","https://openalex.org/W7095848232","https://openalex.org/W6925328530"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Search":[0,39],"and":[1,19,28,123,150,174,205,222,251,270],"discovery":[2],"on":[3,213,240],"the":[4,106,109,161,170,195,228,234],"2026":[5],"internet":[6],"is":[7,145,181],"broken":[8],"for":[9,72,267],"three":[10,280],"groups:":[11],"users":[12],"who":[13,23,32,201],"want":[14,24,33],"to":[15,25,34,103,134,159],"find":[16],"real":[17],"businesses":[18,22,77],"resources,":[20],"small":[21,76],"be":[26],"found,":[27],"honest":[29],"affiliate":[30,192,224],"operators":[31,193],"earn":[35],"from":[36,169],"genuine":[37],"recommendations.":[38],"engines":[40,157],"rank":[41],"results":[42],"by":[43,163],"signals":[44],"that":[45,59,100,218,257,262,273],"reward":[46],"scale,":[47],"not":[48],"quality.":[49],"A":[50],"local":[51],"hardware":[52],"store":[53],"cannot":[54,211,232],"outrank":[55],"a":[56,139,188,249,252,276],"content":[57,91,216,237],"farm":[58,238],"produces":[60],"ten":[61],"thousand":[62],"SEO-optimized":[63],"pages":[64],"per":[65],"day":[66],"with":[67,83,105],"large":[68],"language":[69],"models.":[70],"Paying":[71],"search":[73,136],"advertising":[74],"puts":[75],"into":[78],"bidding":[79],"wars":[80],"against":[81,215],"companies":[82],"orders-of-magnitude":[84],"larger":[85],"budgets.":[86],"Social":[87],"media":[88],"demands":[89],"constant":[90],"production":[92],"\u2014":[93,98],"videos,":[94],"posts,":[95],"engagement":[96],"farming":[97],"work":[99],"has":[101],"nothing":[102],"do":[104],"actual":[107],"service":[108],"business":[110],"provides.":[111],"Review":[112],"platforms":[113],"are":[114,274,281],"corrupted.":[115],"Fake":[116],"reviews,":[117],"review":[118,271],"bombing,":[119],"pay-to-play":[120],"visibility":[121,265],"schemes,":[122],"extortion":[124],"dynamics":[125],"have":[126],"made":[127],"star":[128],"ratings":[129],"unreliable.":[130],"Users":[131],"append":[132],"\"reddit\"":[133],"their":[135],"queries":[137],"as":[138,147,151],"trust":[140],"signal,":[141],"but":[142,166],"Reddit":[143],"itself":[144],"degrading":[146],"it":[148],"monetizes":[149],"marketers":[152],"infiltrate":[153],"communities.":[154],"AI":[155],"answer":[156],"attempt":[158],"solve":[160],"problem":[162],"synthesizing":[164],"responses,":[165],"they":[167,208],"draw":[168],"same":[171,196],"polluted":[172],"index":[173],"introduce":[175],"hallucination":[176],"risk.":[177],"The":[178,230,236],"underlying":[179],"data":[180],"compromised.":[182],"No":[183],"amount":[184],"of":[185],"summarization":[186],"fixes":[187],"contaminated":[189],"source.":[190],"Honest":[191],"face":[194],"structural":[197],"disadvantage.":[198],"An":[199],"operator":[200],"genuinely":[202],"tests":[203],"products":[204],"recommends":[206],"what":[207],"believe":[209],"in":[210],"compete":[212],"volume":[214,242],"farms":[217],"rewrite":[219],"product":[220],"descriptions":[221],"stuff":[223],"links":[225],"without":[226],"touching":[227],"products.":[229],"algorithm":[231],"distinguish":[233],"two.":[235],"wins":[239],"output":[241],"every":[243],"time.":[244],"Three":[245],"intermediaries":[246],"sit":[247],"between":[248],"person":[250],"useful":[253],"resource:":[254],"algorithmic":[255],"ranking":[256],"rewards":[258],"manipulation,":[259],"centralized":[260],"moderation":[261],"makes":[263],"uniform":[264],"decisions":[266],"all":[268],"users,":[269],"systems":[272],"themselves":[275],"manipulation":[277],"surface.":[278],"All":[279],"failing.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-02T00:00:00"}
