{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225061237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","title":"Where You Sit Matters More Than Where You Play: Systemic Thermal Exposure Inequality Across the 2026 FIFA World Cup","display_name":"Where You Sit Matters More Than Where You Play: Systemic Thermal Exposure Inequality Across the 2026 FIFA World Cup","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225061237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11152012/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11152012/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128697410","display_name":"Francisco Armas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6773-1057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6773-1057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Armas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de La Laguna"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de La Laguna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084409537","display_name":"Seraf\u00edn Mart\u00edn Corral","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serafin Corral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de La Laguna"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de La Laguna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128778445","display_name":"Alejandro Herrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3213-6912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3213-6912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Herrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de La Laguna"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de La Laguna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160298057","display_name":"Emilio Bonal P\u00e9rez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Bonal P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de La Laguna"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de La Laguna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.7538999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.7538999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.19470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.02319999970495701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exposure","display_name":"heat exposure","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2026-fifa-world-cup","display_name":"2026 FIFA World Cup","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mega-sporting-events","display_name":"sports mega-events","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wet-bulb-globe-temperature","display_name":"wet bulb globe temperature","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tournament-design","display_name":"tournament design","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/match-scheduling","display_name":"match scheduling","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/era5-reanalysis","display_name":"ERA5 reanalysis","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136975688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320634","display_name":"Tournament","level":2,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5063999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75043328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910009","display_name":"Wet-bulb globe temperature","level":3,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.446399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154085013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655361","display_name":"Theil index","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198408306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008388","display_name":"Exposure assessment","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11152012/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11152012/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11152012/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225061237.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225061237.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2055002961","https://openalex.org/W2061712080","https://openalex.org/W2068528070","https://openalex.org/W2079007494","https://openalex.org/W2105950035","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W3010820506","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3094306773","https://openalex.org/W4236468523","https://openalex.org/W4297014661","https://openalex.org/W4362469123","https://openalex.org/W4385077449","https://openalex.org/W4402950440","https://openalex.org/W4404814059","https://openalex.org/W4406816900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7171417520","https://openalex.org/W4402950440","https://openalex.org/W7125489193","https://openalex.org/W4406816900","https://openalex.org/W2892785097","https://openalex.org/W7164999584","https://openalex.org/W7162687232","https://openalex.org/W7170172079","https://openalex.org/W7212057834","https://openalex.org/W7203481198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Geographically":[1],"distributed":[2],"mega-sporting":[3],"events":[4],"create":[5],"systemic":[6],"variations":[7],"in":[8,88,126],"spectator":[9,198],"thermal":[10,29,41,62,119,169,215],"exposure":[11,30,42,56,170,216],"that":[12,61,131,163],"traditional":[13],"venue-level":[14],"risk":[15,63,180],"assessments":[16],"fail":[17],"to":[18,184],"capture.":[19],"Adopting":[20],"a":[21,33,65,95,109],"system-level":[22],"perspective,":[23],"this":[24],"study":[25],"investigates":[26],"whether":[27],"ambient":[28,89],"emerges":[31],"as":[32,149],"property":[34,67],"of":[35,68,85,116,154],"tournament":[36,69,212],"design":[37,213],"by":[38],"quantifying":[39],"inter-venue":[40,72],"heterogeneity":[43],"at":[44,137,140,171],"the":[45,86,99,117,150,172,187],"2026":[46],"FIFA":[47],"World":[48],"Cup":[49],"using":[50],"surface":[51],"weather":[52],"observations":[53],"and":[54,101],"spectator-weighted":[55],"metrics.":[57],"Our":[58,144],"findings":[59],"show":[60],"was":[64,124],"structural":[66],"design,":[70],"with":[71,175,193],"spatial":[73],"variance":[74,87],"dominating":[75],"intra-venue":[76],"temporal":[77],"variability.":[78],"Geographic":[79],"venue":[80,173],"assignment":[81],"accounted":[82],"for":[83,190],"71%":[84],"Wet-Bulb":[90],"Globe":[91],"Temperature":[92],"(WBGT),":[93],"generating":[94],"12.5\u00b0C":[96],"disparity":[97],"between":[98],"hottest":[100],"coolest":[102],"host":[103],"cities.":[104],"This":[105],"inequality":[106],"translated":[107],"into":[108],"highly":[110],"asymmetric":[111],"population-level":[112],"health":[113],"risk:":[114],"95%":[115],"cumulative":[118],"burden":[120],"(spectator-degree-hours":[121],"above":[122],"28\u00b0C)":[123],"concentrated":[125],"just":[127],"three":[128],"venues\u2014a":[129],"concentration":[130],"remained":[132],"robust":[133],"across":[134,217],"thresholds":[135,181],"(85%":[136],"26\u00b0C,":[138],"100%":[139],"30\u00b0C;":[141],"Table":[142],"4).":[143],"analyses":[145],"identify":[146],"match":[147,177],"scheduling":[148],"primary":[151],"modifiable":[152],"driver":[153],"within-venue":[155],"exposure,":[156],"while":[157],"validation":[158],"against":[159],"ERA5":[160],"reanalysis":[161,192],"reveals":[162],"global":[164],"models":[165],"systematically":[166],"underestimate":[167],"aggregate":[168],"level,":[174],"individual":[176],"classifications":[178],"near":[179],"remaining":[182],"sensitive":[183],"methodological":[185],"assumptions\u2014reinforcing":[186],"operational":[188],"case":[189],"complementing":[191],"local":[194],"station":[195],"data.":[196],"Future":[197],"heat":[199],"management":[200],"therefore":[201],"depends":[202],"not":[203],"only":[204],"on":[205,209],"forecasting":[206],"weather,":[207],"but":[208],"understanding":[210],"how":[211],"distributes":[214],"populations.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-02T00:00:00"}