{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225043693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","title":"Can Machines Perform Emotional Labor in Education? Tracing Debates in Early Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Can Machines Perform Emotional Labor in Education? Tracing Debates in Early Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225043693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/edth.70110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/edth.70110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187520691","display_name":"Educational Theory","issn_l":"0013-2004","issn":["0013-2004","1741-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/edth.70110","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101238459","display_name":"Noah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-9883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-9883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-9883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101238459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":2760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2760},"apc_paid":{"value":2760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2760},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8959657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13081","display_name":"Digital Education and Society","score":0.23960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13081","display_name":"Digital Education and Society","score":0.23960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.14110000431537628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.12809999287128448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-labor","display_name":"emotional labor","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-education","display_name":"artificial intelligence in education","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"philosophy of artificial intelligence","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"affective computing","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-affect","display_name":"embodied affect","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-acting","display_name":"surface acting","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogical-care","display_name":"pedagogical care","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodiment","display_name":"embodiment","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-of-emotion","display_name":"emotion ontology","score":0.5690000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.7888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5907999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013414","display_name":"CONTEST","level":2,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136103064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044045","display_name":"Emotional labor","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159237981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498207","display_name":"Emotional contagion","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780276568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191928","display_name":"Polysemy","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117409633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373756","display_name":"Emotion work","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4308109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781686","display_name":"Appraisal theory","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34048319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599967","display_name":"Autopoiesis","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000087","display_name":"Emotion perception","level":3,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207096701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q564371","display_name":"Philosophy of education","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/edth.70110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/edth.70110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187520691","display_name":"Educational Theory","issn_l":"0013-2004","issn":["0013-2004","1741-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/edth.70110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.70110","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/edth.70110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187520691","display_name":"Educational Theory","issn_l":"0013-2004","issn":["0013-2004","1741-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225043693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225043693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122731712","https://openalex.org/W1490676200","https://openalex.org/W1977137834","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2005416408","https://openalex.org/W2015317474","https://openalex.org/W2034370774","https://openalex.org/W2040728104","https://openalex.org/W2082675475","https://openalex.org/W2088315754","https://openalex.org/W2163843846","https://openalex.org/W2314913343","https://openalex.org/W2339343773","https://openalex.org/W2476114575","https://openalex.org/W2632505924","https://openalex.org/W2780183679","https://openalex.org/W2887967571","https://openalex.org/W2904120023","https://openalex.org/W2912464554","https://openalex.org/W3017988269","https://openalex.org/W4234645944","https://openalex.org/W4253719251","https://openalex.org/W4378470708","https://openalex.org/W4388932726","https://openalex.org/W4388932735","https://openalex.org/W4389765664","https://openalex.org/W4395669968","https://openalex.org/W4400652493","https://openalex.org/W4402409122","https://openalex.org/W4410870519","https://openalex.org/W7163510428","https://openalex.org/W7167672571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221009589","https://openalex.org/W7083588089","https://openalex.org/W7224752366","https://openalex.org/W7126080457","https://openalex.org/W7224838871","https://openalex.org/W7214704226","https://openalex.org/W2606463448","https://openalex.org/W4234645944","https://openalex.org/W4380321903","https://openalex.org/W7224788024"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Can":[1],"an":[2,48],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"system":[6,184],"perform":[7],"the":[8,28,35],"emotional":[9,18,189],"labor":[10,38],"of":[11,51,177,208],"teaching,":[12],"or":[13,100],"can":[14,63,101,117,132],"it":[15,45],"only":[16],"reproduce":[17],"labor's":[19],"outward":[20],"signs?":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23,78],"article,":[24],"I":[25,76],"argue":[26],"that":[27,70,144,160,182],"latter":[29],"does":[30],"not":[31,73,139],"by":[32],"itself":[33],"justify":[34],"former.":[36],"Emotional":[37],"in":[39,201],"education":[40,202],"includes":[41],"surface":[42],"acting,":[43],"but":[44],"still":[46],"presupposes":[47],"agent":[49],"capable":[50],"emotion,":[52],"self\u2010regulation,":[53],"and":[54,92,109,115,121,126,158,164,175,187,203],"responsibility":[55],"within":[56],"a":[57,141,183,194],"pedagogical":[58,209],"relation.":[59],"Its":[60],"educational":[61,162],"value":[62],"also":[64],"depend":[65],"on":[66],"students'":[67],"reasonable":[68],"perception":[69],"care":[71,210],"is":[72,193],"wholly":[74],"fabricated.":[75],"develop":[77],"claim":[79],"through":[80,104],"selected":[81],"debates":[82,137],"about":[83,155],"machinic":[84],"emotion":[85,178,186],"from":[86,179,215],"1950":[87],"to":[88,171],"1996.":[89],"Ziff,":[90],"Smart,":[91],"Putnam":[93],"dispute":[94],"whether":[95,112,129],"feeling":[96],"requires":[97],"biological":[98],"life":[99],"be":[102,213],"attributed":[103],"organized":[105],"behavior;":[106],"Weiss,":[107],"Scriven,":[108],"Danto":[110],"test":[111,143],"relation,":[113],"honesty,":[114],"language":[116],"evidence":[118],"machine":[119],"emotion;":[120],"Dyer,":[122],"Ortony":[123],"et":[124],"al.,":[125],"Arbib":[127],"contest":[128],"computational":[130,173],"appraisal":[131],"capture":[133],"embodied":[134],"affect.":[135],"These":[136],"do":[138],"supply":[140],"historical":[142],"contemporary":[145],"systems":[146],"must":[147],"pass.":[148],"They":[149],"expose":[150],"three":[151],"still\u2010relevant":[152],"justificatory":[153],"questions":[154,170],"ontology,":[156],"evidence,":[157],"embodiment":[159],"divide":[161],"critics":[163],"technologists.":[165],"This":[166],"article":[167],"uses":[168],"those":[169],"distinguish":[172],"representations":[174],"simulations":[176],"warranted":[180],"claims":[181],"has":[185],"performs":[188],"labor.":[190],"The":[191],"result":[192],"shared":[195],"vocabulary":[196],"for":[197,204],"evaluating":[198],"affective":[199],"AI":[200],"identifying":[205],"which":[206],"forms":[207],"cannot":[211],"simply":[212],"inferred":[214],"emotionally":[216],"convincing":[217],"output.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-02T00:00:00"}
