{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225037002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","title":"FRANCESCO CAROTTA & AI: 16. CHAT \u2013 \u0391\u039b\u0395\u039e\u0391\u039c\u0395\u039d\u03a9C CEBETE \u0398\u0395\u039f\u039d","display_name":"FRANCESCO CAROTTA & AI: 16. CHAT \u2013 \u0391\u039b\u0395\u039e\u0391\u039c\u0395\u039d\u03a9C CEBETE \u0398\u0395\u039f\u039d","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225037002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23858502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076184032","display_name":"Francesco Carotta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Carotta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076184032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95579116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10165","display_name":"Classical Antiquity Studies","score":0.763700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10165","display_name":"Classical Antiquity Studies","score":0.763700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10362","display_name":"Biblical Studies and Interpretation","score":0.188400000333786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14451","display_name":"Historical and Religious Studies of Rome","score":0.02879999950528145,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minucius-felix","display_name":"Minucius Felix","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/octavius","display_name":"Octavius","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tertullian","display_name":"Tertullian","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nativity-of-christ","display_name":"Nativity of Jesus","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greek-inscriptions","display_name":"Greek inscriptions","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-iconography","display_name":"Christian iconography","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7713000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381165","display_name":"Trophy","level":2,"score":0.7340999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779192065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19707","display_name":"Donkey","level":2,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71081332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25393814","display_name":"Maroon","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181399949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3354732","display_name":"Roman art","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67101536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535910","display_name":"George (robot)","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501303744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208145","display_name":"Iconography","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205531365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35497","display_name":"Ancient Greek","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23858502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23858503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23858502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23858502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297216644","https://openalex.org/W4244523561","https://openalex.org/W7223371994","https://openalex.org/W3205314316","https://openalex.org/W2929223100","https://openalex.org/W2482685240","https://openalex.org/W2283816313","https://openalex.org/W7147292004","https://openalex.org/W4210402781","https://openalex.org/W7137573458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FRANCESCO":[0],"CAROTTA":[1],"&":[2],"AI:":[3],"16.":[4],"CHAT":[5],"\u2013":[6],"\u0391\u039b\u0395\u039e\u0391\u039c\u0395\u039d\u03a9C":[7],"CEBETE":[8],"\u0398\u0395\u039f\u039d":[9],"Roman":[10,23,47,76,118,150,164,192,290,317,376,397,467,543,560,583,637],"Trophies,":[11],"the":[12,15,32,35,43,52,55,60,99,163,167,182,191,264,281,298,313,316,320,327,334,348,361,396,403,504,517,521,529,532,535,593,596,601,634],"Cross,":[13],"and":[14,31,49,57,63,131,153,166,315,329,350,367,449,470,483,534,558,564,579,595,608,615,640],"Alexamenos":[16,36,179,268,602],"Graffito":[17],"The":[18,82,114,143,160,178,186,217,225,228,247,250,293,311,337,372,389,406,428,458,489,510,538,545,567,590],"chat":[19],"explores":[20],"connections":[21],"between":[22,46,162,636],"military":[24,77,151,562,584],"symbolism,":[25],"early":[26,174,553,642],"Christian":[27,175,303,463,522,622,643],"representations":[28],"ofthe":[29],"cross,":[30,104],"interpretation":[33,184,221,460],"of":[34,54,66,101,108,238,280,319,365,418,433,502,542,573,592],"graffito.":[37],"Its":[38,207],"most":[39],"striking":[40],"points":[41],"concern":[42],"visual":[44],"resemblance":[45,161],"tropaea":[48],"crucified":[50,80,168],"figures,":[51],"symbolism":[53,563],"ox":[56,328,404,533],"donkey":[58,314,330,407,423],"in":[59,173,360,369,600],"Nativity":[61,321,464,623],"tradition,":[62],"alternative":[64],"readings":[65],"an":[67,72,419,641],"image":[68],"traditionally":[69,331],"regarded":[70],"as":[71,212,256],"anti-Christian":[73],"caricature.":[74],"1.":[75],"trophies":[78,95],"resemble":[79,135,236],"figures":[81],"starting":[83],"point":[84],"is":[85,116,170,181,209,254,461,513,551],"a":[86,102,109,136,141,196,203,239,245,257,278,286,302,307,375,422,437,441,474,485,497],"passage":[87],"from":[88,123,289],"Minucius":[89,577],"Felix\u2019s":[90],"Octavius":[91],"29.8:":[92],"\u201cYour":[93],"victorious":[94],"not":[96],"only":[97],"imitate":[98],"appearance":[100],"simple":[103],"but":[105],"also":[106,145,491],"that":[107,117,231,267,462,493,520,552],"man":[110],"affixed":[111],"to":[112,140,155,190,353,454,515],"it.\u201d":[113],"argument":[115,325],"tropaea,":[119],"victory":[120,414,471,616],"monuments":[121],"made":[122],"wooden":[124],"frames":[125],"decorated":[126,156],"with":[127,199,384,395,412,421,446,507,586,619],"captured":[128],"armour,":[129],"helmets":[130],"weapons,":[132],"could":[133],"visually":[134],"human":[137,197],"figure":[138,169,198,599],"attached":[139],"cross.":[142],"text":[144,218,294,373,490,568],"cites":[146],"Tertullian,":[147],"who":[148],"compares":[149],"standards":[152],"banners":[154],"crosses.":[157,587],"Key":[158],"point:":[159],"trophy":[165],"explicitly":[171,343,581],"discussed":[172],"literature.":[176],"2.":[177],"graffito:":[180],"traditional":[183],"correct?":[185],"graffito,":[187],"generally":[188],"dated":[189],"imperial":[193,377,468,565,609,638],"period,":[194],"depicts":[195,301],"raised":[200],"arms":[201],"facing":[202],"crucified,":[204],"animal-headed":[205,598],"figure.":[206],"inscription":[208],"conventionally":[210],"interpreted":[211,255],"\u201cAlexamenos":[213],"worships":[214],"his":[215,270,456],"god.\u201d":[216],"challenges":[219],"this":[220,370,380],"on":[222,479],"three":[223,571],"grounds:":[224],"animal\u2019s":[226],"head:":[227],"author":[229],"argues":[230],"its":[232],"short,":[233],"upright":[234],"ears":[235],"those":[237],"horse":[240],"or":[241,285,500],"mule":[242],"more":[243],"than":[244,263],"donkey.":[246,536],"Greek":[248],"inscription:":[249],"word":[251],"sebete":[252],"(\u03c3\u03ad\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5)":[253],"plural":[258],"imperative":[259],"meaning":[260,426],"\u201cworship!\u201d":[261],"rather":[262],"con-ventional":[265],"reading":[266],"\u201cworships\u201d":[269],"god.":[271],"Alternative":[272],"imagery:":[273],"Two":[274],"possibilities":[275],"are":[276,617],"proposed:":[277],"representation":[279],"Egyptian":[282],"deity":[283],"Seth-Typhon":[284],"scene":[287],"derived":[288],"mime":[291],"theatre.":[292],"therefore":[295],"questions":[296,630],"whether":[297],"graffito":[299,603],"necessarily":[300],"being":[304],"mocked":[305],"by":[306,451],"fellow":[308],"Roman.":[309],"3.":[310],"ox,":[312],"origins":[318],"imagery":[322,465],"A":[323,409],"further":[324,605],"concerns":[326],"depicted":[332],"beside":[333],"infant":[335],"Jesus.":[336,480],"Pseudo":[338],"Matthew":[339,366],"Gospel,":[340],"chapter":[341],"14,":[342],"describes":[344,436],"both":[345],"animals":[346],"worshipping":[347],"child":[349],"connects":[351],"them":[352],"Isaiah":[354],"1:3.":[355],"However":[356],"neither":[357],"animal":[358],"appears":[359],"canonical":[362],"birth":[363,469,523],"narratives":[364],"Luke":[368],"scene.":[371],"proposes":[374,492],"background":[378],"for":[379],"imagery,":[381,561],"connecting":[382,548],"it":[383],"traditions":[385,472],"about":[386,612,633],"Octavian":[387],"Augustus:":[388],"ox:":[390],"Augustus\u2019s":[391,447,508,613],"birthplace":[392],"was":[393],"associated":[394,411,445,506],"place-name":[398],"ad":[399],"capita":[400],"bubula":[401],"(\u201cat":[402],"heads\u201d).":[405],"Nikon:":[408],"story":[410],"Octavian\u2019s":[413],"at":[415],"Actium":[416],"reveals":[417],"encounter":[420],"named":[424],"Nikon,":[425],"\u201cVictor.\u201d":[427],"feeding":[429,530],"trough:":[430],"Suetonius,":[431],"Life":[432],"Augustus":[434],"6,":[435],"small":[438],"room":[439],"resembling":[440],"storeroom":[442],"(cella":[443],"penuaria)":[444],"infancy":[448,614],"believed":[450],"local":[452],"people":[453],"be":[455,496],"birthplace.":[457],"proposed":[459,486],"reworked":[466],"into":[473],"new":[475],"cohesive":[476],"narrative":[477,524],"centred":[478],"4.":[481],"Bethlehem":[482,494],"Velitrae:":[484],"linguistic":[487],"connection":[488,512],"may":[495,555],"Semitized":[498],"anagram":[499],"transformation":[501],"Velitrae,":[503],"town":[505],"origins.":[509],"suggested":[511],"intended":[514],"reinforce":[516],"broader":[518,539],"thesis":[519],"reworks":[525],"Augustan":[526],"traditions,":[527],"including":[528],"trough,":[531],"5.":[537],"hypothesis:":[540],"reinterpretation":[541],"symbols":[544,585],"underlying":[546],"theme":[547],"these":[549,627],"arguments":[550],"Christianity":[554],"have":[556],"appropriated":[557],"transformed":[559],"traditions.":[566],"brings":[569],"together":[570],"types":[572],"evidence:":[574,576,589],"Literary":[575],"Felix":[578],"Tertullian":[580],"compare":[582],"Iconographic":[588],"form":[591],"tropaeum":[594],"ambiguous":[597],"invite":[604],"investigation.":[606],"Religious":[607],"traditions:":[610],"Stories":[611],"compared":[618],"later":[620],"adapted":[621],"imagery.":[624],"Taken":[625],"together,":[626],"parallels":[628],"suggest":[629],"worth":[631],"investigating":[632],"relationship":[635],"culture":[639],"representation.":[644],"Chat":[645],"1-15:":[646],"https://zenodo.org/records/23616659":[647],"carotta.de":[648]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-11-02T00:00:00"}