{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225035754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","title":"The Alpha Ladder \u2014 the Hoyle chain, and a fourth line pointing at helium-4","display_name":"The Alpha Ladder \u2014 the Hoyle chain, and a fourth line pointing at helium-4","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225035754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23848174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107475518","display_name":"James Norman Ibbotson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibbotson, James Norman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7439-2384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107475518"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10093","display_name":"Nuclear physics research studies","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10093","display_name":"Nuclear physics research studies","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13458","display_name":"Astronomical and nuclear sciences","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13209","display_name":"Cold Fusion and Nuclear Reactions","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hoyle-state","display_name":"Hoyle state","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-12","display_name":"carbon-12","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helium-4","display_name":"helium-4","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-nuclei","display_name":"light nuclei","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-binding-energy","display_name":"nuclear binding energy","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-nucleosynthesis","display_name":"stellar nucleosynthesis","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7239000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181500209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215328","display_name":"Excited state","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139210041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145840","display_name":"Resonance (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23848174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23848175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23848174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23848174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582379479","https://openalex.org/W2896845599","https://openalex.org/W2040168427","https://openalex.org/W2949820619","https://openalex.org/W2034304508","https://openalex.org/W2205417226","https://openalex.org/W2011191430","https://openalex.org/W2901075648","https://openalex.org/W6947909669","https://openalex.org/W2756750904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carbon":[0],"exists":[1],"because":[2,95],"of":[3,11,78,87,116,189,221,243],"a":[4,41,90,114,187],"single":[5,184],"excited":[6],"state.":[7],"The":[8,123,223],"Hoyle":[9,48,109,194],"state":[10,19],"carbon-12":[12],"sits":[13],"7.654":[14],"MeV":[15,23],"above":[16,24],"the":[17,25,34,54,68,98,105,108,120,133,136,146,152,164,172,178,181,193,198,202,240],"ground":[18],"\u2014":[20,28,85,144],"just":[21],"0.380":[22],"three-alpha":[26],"threshold":[27],"and":[29,80,130,145,201,216,233,235],"that":[30,57,74],"hair's-breadth":[31],"resonance":[32],"is":[33,89,97,148,155,170,186,217,236],"only":[35],"reason":[36],"three":[37,71,83],"helium-4":[38,158],"nuclei":[39],"in":[40,51,76,140,157],"star":[42],"can":[43],"fuse":[44],"before":[45],"flying":[46],"apart.":[47],"predicted":[49],"it":[50,60,96],"1953":[52],"from":[53],"bare":[55],"fact":[56],"carbon":[58],"exists;":[59],"was":[61],"found":[62],"within":[63],"months.":[64,222],"This":[65,169,208],"paper":[66,212,229],"asks":[67],"deposit's":[69],"ledger":[70,106,134],"questions":[72],"about":[73],"chain,":[75],"order":[77],"cost,":[79],"reports":[81],"all":[82],"answers":[84],"one":[86,211],"which":[88],"hard":[91],"null,":[92],"stated":[93],"first":[94],"fence":[99],"everything":[100],"else":[101],"stands":[102],"behind.":[103],"Can":[104],"reach":[107],"window?":[110],"No.":[111],"Null-fail,":[112],"by":[113],"factor":[115],"15":[117],"even":[118],"after":[119],"P55":[121],"substitution.":[122],"same":[124,179],"instrument":[125],"limit":[126],"P51":[127],"hit":[128],"at":[129,177],"8.":[131],"Does":[132,160],"carry":[135],"measured":[137],"alpha":[138],"staircase":[139,199],"light":[141],"nuclei?":[142],"Partially":[143],"deficit":[147],"not":[149],"spread":[150],"across":[151],"ladder.":[153],"It":[154],"concentrated":[156],"itself.":[159],"this":[161,244],"converge":[162],"with":[163,230],"register's":[165],"other":[166],"findings?":[167],"Yes.":[168],"now":[171],"fourth":[173],"independent":[174],"line":[175],"pointing":[176],"object:":[180],"ledger's":[182],"sharpest":[183],"deficiency":[185],"derivation":[188],"helium-4.":[190],"[null-fail":[191],"on":[192,213],"reach;":[195],"earned":[196],"for":[197,239],"measurement":[200],"convergence;":[203],"prior":[204],"art":[205],"credited":[206],"throughout]":[207],"record":[209],"holds":[210,227],"its":[214,231],"own":[215],"refreshed":[218],"every":[219,228],"couple":[220],"complete":[224],"deposit,":[225],"10.5281/zenodo.21788037,":[226],"code":[232],"data":[234],"updated":[237],"first;":[238],"newest":[241],"version":[242],"paper,":[245],"go":[246],"there.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-11-02T00:00:00"}