{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225019084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","title":"Where the Borders Are Straight: Ruler Lines, Rivers and Mountains on Every International Land Border, and Who Drew the Longest Straight Lines","display_name":"Where the Borders Are Straight: Ruler Lines, Rivers and Mountains on Every International Land Border, and Who Drew the Longest Straight Lines","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225019084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081266831","display_name":"Tristan Hotham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-9349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-9349"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hotham, Tristan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-9349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081266831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9105277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14466","display_name":"Migration, Health, Geopolitics, Historical Geography","score":0.6284000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14466","display_name":"Migration, Health, Geopolitics, Historical Geography","score":0.6284000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.33719998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-circles","display_name":"great circles","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhumb-lines","display_name":"rhumb lines","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canada-united-states-border","display_name":"US-Canada border","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/map-scale","display_name":"map scale","score":0.5389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165743212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104555","display_name":"Ruler","level":2,"score":0.6812000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993043157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4949967","display_name":"Boundary line","level":2,"score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13801280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36732","display_name":"Kingdom","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80899671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37246793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93318","display_name":"Nautical mile","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653848","display_name":"World map","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983864324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16872183","display_name":"Line drawings","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86069527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6653802","display_name":"Contour line","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173776410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103910","display_name":"Precambrian","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3144869593","https://openalex.org/W2993403983","https://openalex.org/W4391975002","https://openalex.org/W6903891075","https://openalex.org/W2070231939","https://openalex.org/W2111926919","https://openalex.org/W6981953767","https://openalex.org/W2946524789","https://openalex.org/W3210998550","https://openalex.org/W7029384511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,132,220,239],"classify":[1],"every":[2],"international":[3],"land":[4,68],"border":[5,69,87,119],"in":[6],"Natural":[7,54,213],"Earth's":[8],"1:10":[9],"million":[10,183,190],"boundary":[11],"lines,":[12,29],"233,534":[13],"km":[14,41],"between":[15,120,156],"170":[16],"countries":[17],"and":[18,24,27,57,59,76,89,122,145,158,160,185,196,205,215,226,241,245],"territories,":[19],"into":[20],"ruler-straight":[21],"stretches,":[22],"rivers":[23,56],"lakes,":[25,58],"mountains":[26],"other":[28],"using":[30],"an":[31],"explicit":[32],"geometric":[33],"test":[34],"for":[35],"straightness":[36],"(every":[37],"vertex":[38],"within":[39],"1":[40],"of":[42,65,84,93,100,117,150],"a":[43],"great":[44],"circle":[45],"or":[46],"rhumb":[47],"line":[48],"over":[49],"at":[50],"least":[51],"50":[52],"km),":[53],"Earth":[55,214],"the":[60,66,90,118,123,127,137,146,161,174,181,188,222,236],"ETOPO5":[61,216],"elevation":[62],"grid.":[63],"19.4%":[64],"world's":[67],"length":[70,88,101],"is":[71,105],"straight,":[72],"20.9%":[73],"follows":[74],"water":[75],"24.7%":[77],"runs":[78],"through":[79],"mountains.":[80],"Africa":[81,108],"holds":[82],"53.8%":[83],"all":[85,111,243],"straight":[86,95,130,179],"largest":[91],"share":[92,99],"mostly":[94],"borders,":[96],"but":[97],"by":[98],"North":[102],"America":[103],"(45.9%)":[104],"straighter":[106],"than":[107],"(30.2%)":[109],"under":[110],"12":[112],"sensitivity":[113],"settings,":[114],"largely":[115],"because":[116],"Canada":[121],"United":[124,162],"States.":[125],"For":[126],"40":[128,151],"longest":[129],"segments":[131],"compile,":[133],"from":[134,229],"published":[135],"sources,":[136],"agreement":[138],"that":[139],"set":[140,155],"each":[141],"line,":[142],"its":[143],"year":[144],"powers":[147],"involved:":[148],"21":[149],"dated":[152],"lines":[153,184],"were":[154],"1880":[157],"1914,":[159],"Kingdom":[163],"was":[164],"party":[165],"to":[166],"21.":[167],"Straightness":[168],"depends":[169],"strongly":[170],"on":[171,180,187],"map":[172],"scale:":[173],"same":[175],"method":[176],"finds":[177],"25.4%":[178],"1:50":[182],"83.6%":[186],"1:110":[189],"lines.":[191],"Interactive":[192],"version:":[193],"https://maps.tristanhotham.com/straight-borders/.":[194],"Data":[195],"code:":[197],"https://github.com/Tristan-Hotham/straight-borders.":[198],"Blog":[199],"post:":[200],"https://blog.tristanhotham.com/2026/10/31/straight-borders/.":[201],"Licences:":[202],"text,":[203,223],"figures":[204],"derived":[206],"data":[207],"CC":[208],"BY":[209],"4.0;":[210],"code":[211],"MIT.":[212],"are":[217],"public":[218],"domain.":[219],"wrote":[221],"with":[224],"drafting":[225],"editing":[227],"assistance":[228],"Claude":[230],"(Anthropic),":[231],"which":[232],"also":[233],"helped":[234],"prepare":[235],"analysis":[237],"code.":[238],"reviewed":[240],"checked":[242],"text":[244],"results.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}
