{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225014624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","title":"HAPTCHA: Eyes-Free Haptic CAPTCHA in Mobile Environments: Design Principle, Security Evaluation, and User Experience","display_name":"HAPTCHA: Eyes-Free Haptic CAPTCHA in Mobile Environments: Design Principle, Security Evaluation, and User Experience","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225014624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3830398.3830484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087746","display_name":"ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160265524","display_name":"Duhong Kweon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5099-6684","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5099-6684"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duhong Kweon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interaction Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5099-6684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interaction Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090434588","display_name":"Dajin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-1375","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-1375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dajin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interaction Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-1375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interaction Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021364059","display_name":"Seulbae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-7953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-7953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seulbae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Security Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-7953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Security Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086283693","display_name":"Seungmoon Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-1083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-1083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungmoon Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interaction Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-1083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interaction Lab, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81864902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/person-verification","display_name":"human verification","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"usability","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-workload","display_name":"mental workload","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-security","display_name":"mobile security","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-computer-interaction","display_name":"human-computer interaction","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.8414999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7645000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.7329000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6952999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6353995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027910","display_name":"Human-computer interaction in information security","level":5,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158495155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369151","display_name":"Visual search","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018151503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608487","display_name":"Hand position","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3830398.3830484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087746","display_name":"ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3830398.3830484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3830398.3830484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087746","display_name":"ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1145190218","https://openalex.org/W1603565383","https://openalex.org/W1982270377","https://openalex.org/W1984963350","https://openalex.org/W1993205114","https://openalex.org/W2022710553","https://openalex.org/W2030456186","https://openalex.org/W2044891495","https://openalex.org/W2055803651","https://openalex.org/W2062145478","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2070560544","https://openalex.org/W2076825472","https://openalex.org/W2094938076","https://openalex.org/W2095881341","https://openalex.org/W2112981015","https://openalex.org/W2115601549","https://openalex.org/W2116241551","https://openalex.org/W2128213565","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2150639461","https://openalex.org/W2151027695","https://openalex.org/W2152395371","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2195342085","https://openalex.org/W2321173840","https://openalex.org/W2516042361","https://openalex.org/W2594302776","https://openalex.org/W2766473095","https://openalex.org/W2792020740","https://openalex.org/W2892724803","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2923851841","https://openalex.org/W3003703356","https://openalex.org/W3021574417","https://openalex.org/W3024765087","https://openalex.org/W3035303777","https://openalex.org/W3092482956","https://openalex.org/W3094898851","https://openalex.org/W3206957188","https://openalex.org/W4220769291","https://openalex.org/W4230116050","https://openalex.org/W4231610351","https://openalex.org/W4233014035","https://openalex.org/W4256584716","https://openalex.org/W4285244373","https://openalex.org/W4293763096","https://openalex.org/W4296782716","https://openalex.org/W4307687798","https://openalex.org/W4389611215","https://openalex.org/W4391169604","https://openalex.org/W4402789387","https://openalex.org/W4407763724","https://openalex.org/W4409196922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411195536","https://openalex.org/W2067524451","https://openalex.org/W7134264102","https://openalex.org/W4311410900","https://openalex.org/W4390860651","https://openalex.org/W2516042361","https://openalex.org/W4417530062","https://openalex.org/W1490777402","https://openalex.org/W2065064761","https://openalex.org/W2748629597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"visual":[1,17,140],"CAPTCHAs":[2],"face":[3],"dual":[4],"challenges:":[5],"increasing":[6],"vulnerability":[7],"to":[8,53,97],"automated":[9,51],"solvers":[10],"and":[11,69,112,129],"maintaining":[12],"usability":[13,107,132],"without":[14],"imposing":[15],"excessive":[16],"burden.":[18],"We":[19,55],"propose":[20],"Haptic":[21],"CAPTCHA":[22],"(HAPTCHA),":[23],"an":[24,64,148],"eyes-free":[25],"human-verification":[26],"framework":[27,58],"that":[28,46,84,116,153],"leverages":[29],"smartphone":[30],"vibration":[31],"as":[32,147],"the":[33,163],"primary":[34],"information":[35,161],"channel.":[36],"HAPTCHA":[37,117,146],"grounds":[38],"security":[39,77],"in":[40,102],"a":[41,71,90,139],"human":[42],"closed-loop":[43],"sensorimotor":[44],"process":[45],"is":[47],"inherently":[48],"difficult":[49],"for":[50,93,125],"agents":[52],"emulate.":[54],"instantiate":[56],"this":[57],"through":[59],"two":[60],"complementary":[61],"designs:":[62],"tiltHAPTCHA,":[63],"efficiency-oriented":[65],"spatial":[66],"search":[67],"task,":[68],"rhythmHAPTCHA,":[70],"robustness-oriented":[72],"temporal":[73],"reproduction":[74],"task.":[75],"Our":[76],"analysis":[78],"against":[79],"sophisticated":[80],"imitation-learning":[81],"bots":[82],"shows":[83],"HAPTCHA\u2019s":[85],"structured":[86],"interaction":[87],"traces":[88],"provide":[89],"robust":[91],"signal":[92],"discrimination,":[94],"achieving":[95],"up":[96],"100%":[98],"bot":[99],"rejection":[100],"rate":[101,124],"unseen":[103],"attack":[104],"scenarios.":[105],"The":[106],"evaluation":[108],"across":[109],"sitting,":[110],"walking,":[111],"fast-walking":[113],"scenarios":[114],"demonstrates":[115],"maintains":[118],"high":[119],"solvability":[120],"(e.g.,":[121],"96.7%":[122],"success":[123],"tiltHAPTCHA":[126],"while":[127],"sitting)":[128],"offers":[130],"superior":[131],"with":[133],"significantly":[134],"lower":[135],"cognitive":[136],"workload":[137],"than":[138],"reCAPTCHA":[141],"mockup.":[142],"These":[143],"findings":[144],"position":[145],"explicit":[149],"haptic":[150],"challenge":[151,160],"layer":[152],"complements":[154],"passive,":[155],"risk-based":[156],"verification":[157],"by":[158],"moving":[159],"beyond":[162],"screen.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}