{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225014393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","title":"Legitimacy Without Self-Ratification","display_name":"Legitimacy Without Self-Ratification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225014393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160260510","display_name":"Adam Ableman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ableman, Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Constitutional Computing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Constitutional Computing","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160260510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91085295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.92330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.92330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-legitimacy","display_name":"political legitimacy","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflexive-systems","display_name":"reflexive systems","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorization","display_name":"authorization","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standing","display_name":"standing","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provenance","display_name":"provenance","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-amendment","display_name":"constitutional amendment","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-non-retroactivity","display_name":"non-retroactivity","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defeaters","display_name":"defeaters","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replayability","display_name":"replayability","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrigibility","display_name":"corrigibility","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-ai","display_name":"constitutional AI","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-certification","display_name":"self-certification","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"trustworthiness","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-validity","display_name":"legal validity","score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/due-process","display_name":"due process","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemic-warrant","display_name":"epistemic warrant","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-consensus","display_name":"Byzantine consensus","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-carrying-code","display_name":"proof-carrying code","score":0.7490000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.7261000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13200473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2747831","display_name":"Reflexivity","level":2,"score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.6103000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781256819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16828835","display_name":"Antecedent (behavioral psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4636000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776527387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671839","display_name":"Invocation","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132074034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154210","display_name":"Congruence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777152325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108163","display_name":"Proposition","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48764862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898871","display_name":"Judicial review","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126053111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79896","display_name":"Separation of powers","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191399111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64861","display_name":"Transitive relation","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153269930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430001","display_name":"Decidability","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18650270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11206","display_name":"Constitutional law","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161164283","https://openalex.org/W7224993124","https://openalex.org/W7162259139","https://openalex.org/W7167916574","https://openalex.org/W7161847894","https://openalex.org/W7162656615","https://openalex.org/W7162209178","https://openalex.org/W7162403717","https://openalex.org/W7208671797","https://openalex.org/W7223258585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"What":[0],"makes":[1],"a":[2,40,56,112,119,126,259,296,304,452,484,501],"state":[3,489,513],"transition":[4,11,27,53,188],"legitimate":[5],"when":[6,205],"the":[7,10,15,79,93,101,148,152,206,347,372,377,417,493,525,538,563,583,592],"system":[8],"performing":[9],"can":[12,423,486],"also":[13,367,413,432,491],"modify":[14],"rules,":[16],"evidence,":[17,209],"memories,":[18],"trust":[19],"anchors,":[20],"or":[21,49,280,570],"verification":[22,213],"procedures":[23],"by":[24,67,104,217,425,433],"which":[25,82,105,308,456,496],"that":[26,35,106,137,192,471,497],"will":[28],"later":[29],"be":[30,61,65,429],"judged?":[31],"This":[32,382],"paper":[33,412],"argues":[34],"reflexive":[36,128],"computational":[37,120],"systems":[38],"face":[39],"problem":[41,117,503],"of":[42,115,151,269,332,342,374,416,527,544,553],"legitimacy":[43,472,502],"distinct":[44,284,287],"from":[45,321,537],"correctness,":[46],"security,":[47],"integrity,":[48,236],"epistemic":[50,395],"warrant.":[51],"A":[52,362,420],"may":[54,64,73],"produce":[55],"correct":[57],"result":[58],"and":[59,118,144,183,186,212,250,289,351,394,399,408,447,477,520,547,550],"nevertheless":[60],"unauthorized.":[62],"It":[63,72],"well-supported":[66],"evidence":[68,135,170,268,331,345,375],"while":[69,77,292,461,490,585],"lacking":[70],"authority.":[71,528],"preserve":[74],"data":[75],"integrity":[76,83],"changing":[78],"conditions":[80,291],"under":[81,147],"itself":[84],"is":[85,91,97,108,138,156,194,201,222,310,337,354,366,402,470,473,479,499,514,591],"defined.":[86],"The":[87,220,300,411,467,529,540,589],"central":[88],"failure":[89,290],"mode":[90],"self-ratification:":[92],"subject":[94,153,485],"whose":[95,154],"standing":[96,107,143,155,172,349,359],"in":[98,197,307,455],"question":[99],"supplies":[100],"decisive":[102,142],"warrant":[103],"conferred.":[109],"We":[110,159,190,442],"develop":[111],"substrate-independent":[113],"account":[114],"this":[116,161,557],"architecture":[121,454],"for":[122],"addressing":[123],"it.":[124],"For":[125],"protected":[127],"transition,":[129],"there":[130],"must":[131,264],"exist":[132],"no":[133,400],"supporting":[134],"set":[136],"sufficient":[139,196,267,330],"to":[140,339,346,356,369,440,516,575],"confer":[141],"lies":[145],"entirely":[146],"unilateral":[149],"control":[150],"being":[157],"adjudicated.":[158],"formalize":[160],"principle":[162],"using":[163],"antecedent":[164,218],"authorization,":[165],"threat-model-relative":[166],"control,":[167],"typed":[168],"provenance,":[169,244],"ablation,":[171],"ceilings,":[173],"defeaters,":[174],"constitutional":[175,251,418],"epochs,":[176],"non-retroactivity,":[177],"governed":[178,216,445],"amendment,":[179,211],"congruence":[180],"between":[181],"declared":[182],"executable":[184],"law,":[185],"replayable":[187],"receipts.":[189],"show":[191],"anti-self-ratification":[193,309],"not":[195,225,254,265,474,480,533,561],"isolation:":[198],"its":[199,270,324,335,352,405,436,545],"guarantee":[200],"constitutionally":[202],"closed":[203],"only":[204],"rules":[207,523],"defining":[208],"standing,":[210],"are":[214,253],"themselves":[215],"law.":[219],"argument":[221],"interdisciplinary":[223],"but":[224,431,556],"reductionist.":[226],"Epistemic":[227],"warrant,":[228],"due":[229],"process,":[230],"legal":[231],"validity,":[232],"political":[233,476],"legitimacy,":[234],"constitutionalism,":[235],"authorization":[237],"logic,":[238],"reference":[239,305],"monitors,":[240],"proof-carrying":[241],"code,":[242],"supply-chain":[243],"transparency":[245],"logs,":[246],"Byzantine":[247],"consensus,":[248],"corrigibility,":[249],"AI":[252],"synonyms.":[255],"Rather,":[256],"they":[257],"exhibit":[258],"recurrent":[260],"formal":[261],"concern:":[262],"power":[263,511],"become":[266],"own":[271,379,437],"rightful":[272],"exercise.":[273],"Their":[274],"relation":[275],"resembles":[276],"Aristotelian":[277],"focal":[278],"meaning,":[279],"pros":[281],"hen":[282],"predication:":[283],"concepts":[285],"retain":[286],"objects":[288],"exhibiting":[293],"consilience":[294],"around":[295],"shared":[297],"semantic":[298],"center.":[299],"source":[301,541],"manuscript":[302],"reports":[303,542,584],"implementation":[306,389],"an":[311,508],"explicit,":[312],"load-bearing":[313],"invariant.":[314],"Its":[315],"reported":[316,338,355,368],"release":[317],"process":[318],"distinguishes":[319],"self-description":[320],"external":[322],"ratification;":[323],"verifier":[325,333],"boundary":[326],"rejects":[327],"self-certification":[328],"as":[329,387],"trustworthiness;":[334],"executor":[336],"prohibit":[340],"promotion":[341],"solely":[343],"executor-authored":[344],"highest":[348],"class;":[350],"history":[353],"support":[357],"defeasible":[358],"without":[360,404],"erasure.":[361],"naturally":[363],"occurring":[364],"defect":[365],"have":[370],"exposed":[371],"importance":[373],"beyond":[376],"system's":[378],"observation":[380],"boundary.":[381],"candidate":[383,531],"preserves":[384,582],"those":[385,577],"claims":[386],"author-reported":[388],"evidence.":[390],"Replayability,":[391],"independence,":[392],"authority,":[393],"strength":[396],"remain":[397],"separate,":[398],"report":[401],"upgraded":[403],"exact":[406,564],"artifact":[407],"custody":[409],"chain.":[410],"treats":[414],"failures":[415],"cure.":[419],"governance":[421,448],"mechanism":[422],"fail":[424],"admitting":[426],"what":[427,435],"should":[428],"forbidden,":[430],"obstructing":[434],"law":[438],"purports":[439],"permit.":[441],"therefore":[443,581],"introduce":[444],"liveness":[446],"proportionality,":[449],"together":[450],"with":[451],"two-lane":[453],"low-standing":[457],"exploration":[458],"remains":[459],"cheap":[460],"high-standing":[462],"acceptance":[463],"receives":[464],"full":[465],"certification.":[466],"broader":[468],"thesis":[469],"essentially":[475],"constitutionalism":[478],"merely":[481],"metaphorical.":[482],"Wherever":[483],"change":[487,498],"consequential":[488],"influencing":[492],"grounds":[494],"on":[495],"accepted,":[500],"appears.":[504],"Constitutional":[505],"computing":[506],"names":[507],"architectural":[509],"response:":[510],"over":[512],"subordinated":[515],"prior,":[517],"inspectable,":[518],"amendable,":[519],"independently":[521,571],"checkable":[522],"governing":[524],"provenance":[526],"present":[530],"does":[532],"infer":[534],"empirical":[535],"results":[536],"protocol.":[539],"execution":[543],"conformance":[546],"mutation":[548],"suite":[549],"independent":[551],"replay":[552],"principal":[554],"courts,":[555],"integration":[558],"pass":[559],"did":[560],"recover":[562],"archives,":[565],"court":[566],"packages,":[567],"command":[568],"transcripts,":[569],"retained":[572],"outputs":[573],"required":[574],"re-establish":[576],"claims.":[578],"Appendix":[579],"C":[580],"withholding":[586],"independent-verification":[587],"standing.":[588],"distinction":[590],"theory":[593],"functioning":[594],"correctly.":[595]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}
