{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225010896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","title":"Trustworthy Contracts AI: Explainable Multi-Label NLP with Legal-BERT, T5, and SHAP","display_name":"Trustworthy Contracts AI: Explainable Multi-Label NLP with Legal-BERT, T5, and SHAP","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225010896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.67231/3hpg6643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","pdf_url":"https://journals.femington.com/ijisds/article/download/261/183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407058765","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Data Science","issn_l":"3143-2328","issn":["3143-2328"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.femington.com/ijisds/article/download/261/183","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160255606","display_name":"Mafaz Mohammed Nadherssa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mafaz Mohammed Nadherssa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160255606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92663828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.051899999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-bert","display_name":"Legal-BERT","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lime","display_name":"lime","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-visualization","display_name":"attention visualization","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-inference","display_name":"sliding window inference","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-loss","display_name":"weighted loss","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-technology","display_name":"legal technology","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthy-ai","display_name":"trustworthy AI","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8514000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7682999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.7663000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993995455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150005","display_name":"Legal document","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.67231/3hpg6643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","pdf_url":"https://journals.femington.com/ijisds/article/download/261/183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407058765","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Data Science","issn_l":"3143-2328","issn":["3143-2328"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.67231/3hpg6643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67231/3hpg6643","pdf_url":"https://journals.femington.com/ijisds/article/download/261/183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407058765","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Data Science","issn_l":"3143-2328","issn":["3143-2328"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225010896.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225010896.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092129462","https://openalex.org/W3199367723","https://openalex.org/W4416183136","https://openalex.org/W7147533097","https://openalex.org/W7163879720","https://openalex.org/W7164138088","https://openalex.org/W7203966531","https://openalex.org/W7203998378","https://openalex.org/W7204275208","https://openalex.org/W7212248002","https://openalex.org/W7213547949","https://openalex.org/W7214371007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7114931429","https://openalex.org/W7117531809","https://openalex.org/W7155613134","https://openalex.org/W7155625991","https://openalex.org/W7130380020","https://openalex.org/W7161049870","https://openalex.org/W7162190385","https://openalex.org/W7211976017","https://openalex.org/W7154853953","https://openalex.org/W7161271020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Legal":[0],"contract":[1,23],"analysis":[2],"remains":[3],"a":[4,108],"time-intensive":[5],"manual":[6],"process":[7],"despite":[8],"advances":[9],"in":[10,131,140],"natural":[11],"language":[12],"processing.":[13],"This":[14],"paper":[15],"presents":[16],"an":[17],"end-to-end":[18],"explainable":[19],"AI":[20,138],"framework":[21],"for":[22,101],"analytics":[24],"that":[25],"combines":[26],"multi-label":[27,85],"clause":[28,64],"detection":[29],"with":[30,87],"Legal-BERT,":[31],"abstractive":[32],"summarization":[33,102],"via":[34],"T5,":[35],"and":[36,42,50,71,78,91,128],"layered":[37],"interpretability":[38],"using":[39],"SHAP,":[40],"LIME,":[41],"attention":[43],"visualization":[44],"to":[45],"generate":[46],"lawyer-readable":[47],"rationales.":[48],"Trained":[49],"evaluated":[51],"on":[52],"the":[53,66],"Contract":[54],"Understanding":[55],"Atticus":[56],"Dataset":[57],"(CUAD)":[58],"comprising":[59],"510":[60],"contracts":[61],"across":[62],"41":[63],"types,":[65],"system":[67],"addresses":[68],"long-document":[69],"constraints":[70],"severe":[72],"class":[73],"imbalance":[74],"through":[75],"sliding-window":[76],"inference":[77],"weighted":[79],"losses.":[80],"Experimental":[81],"results":[82],"demonstrate":[83],"strong":[84],"performance":[86],"F1-micro":[88],"of":[89,95],"0.8924":[90],"low":[92],"Hamming":[93],"loss":[94],"0.0023,":[96],"alongside":[97],"competitive":[98],"ROUGE":[99],"scores":[100],"(ROUGE-1:":[103],"0.6054).":[104],"Beyond":[105],"offline":[106],"metrics,":[107],"containerized":[109],"web":[110],"application":[111],"demonstrates":[112],"practical":[113],"deployment":[114],"viability.":[115],"The":[116],"framework's":[117],"transparent":[118],"attributions":[119],"over":[120],"legally":[121],"salient":[122],"spans":[123],"significantly":[124],"improve":[125],"practitioner":[126],"trust":[127],"decision":[129],"support":[130],"high-stakes":[132],"legal":[133,141],"NLP":[134],"applications,":[135],"advancing":[136],"responsible":[137],"adoption":[139],"technology.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}