{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225009012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","title":"Validation-Aware AI for Soil Contamination Assessment and Remediation","display_name":"Validation-Aware AI for Soil Contamination Assessment and Remediation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225009012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64823/ijctr.2601002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","pdf_url":"https://ioro.org/article/272780247643/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Current Trends in Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ioro.org/article/272780247643/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101529037","display_name":"Rajesh Kumar Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-5766","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-5766"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284847757","display_name":"Tropical Forest Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01v0srp85","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284847757","https://openalex.org/I1286922834"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286922834","display_name":"Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04r2bgz73","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286922834"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RAJESH KUMAR MISHRA","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICFRE\u2013Tropical Forest Research Institute (Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Govt. of India), P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur, MP-482021, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-5766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICFRE\u2013Tropical Forest Research Institute (Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Govt. of India), P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur, MP-482021, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284847757","https://openalex.org/I1286922834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128325661","display_name":"Divyansh Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0151-3656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0151-3656"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I301324184","display_name":"Xavier School of Management","ror":"https://ror.org/046vhnd58","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I301324184"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divyansh Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xavier School of Management"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0151-3656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xavier School of Management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I301324184"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143849391","display_name":"Rekha Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9451-3136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9451-3136"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rekha Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Government Science College, Jabalpur, MP, India\u2013482 0012"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9451-3136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Government Science College, Jabalpur, MP, India\u2013482 0012","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.5889000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.5889000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.4009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-contamination","display_name":"soil contamination","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-contamination","display_name":"lead contamination","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-cross-validation","display_name":"spatial cross-validation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-prediction","display_name":"conformal prediction","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope-of-application","display_name":"scope of application","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediction-intervals","display_name":"prediction intervals","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remediation-decision-making","display_name":"remediation decision-making","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-sampling","display_name":"cluster sampling","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-filling-sampling","display_name":"space-filling sampling","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-transferability","display_name":"model transferability","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-based-decision-making","display_name":"risk-based decision making","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6395999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75373757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410160","display_name":"Sampling design","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65580899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212734","display_name":"Soil contamination","level":3,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64823/ijctr.2601002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","pdf_url":"https://ioro.org/article/272780247643/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Current Trends in Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64823/ijctr.2601002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64823/ijctr.2601002","pdf_url":"https://ioro.org/article/272780247643/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Current Trends in Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.8518999814987183,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336181","display_name":"Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04r2bgz73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225009012.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225009012.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26326045","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2023312901","https://openalex.org/W2054325787","https://openalex.org/W2116569388","https://openalex.org/W2147351230","https://openalex.org/W2560136348","https://openalex.org/W2793997912","https://openalex.org/W2799314081","https://openalex.org/W2885372267","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964060211","https://openalex.org/W2969945713","https://openalex.org/W3025440848","https://openalex.org/W3085784695","https://openalex.org/W3086056576","https://openalex.org/W3194508523","https://openalex.org/W4224247190","https://openalex.org/W4229562638","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4312294904","https://openalex.org/W4361793541","https://openalex.org/W7155064198","https://openalex.org/W7162403110","https://openalex.org/W7203455175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7211875590","https://openalex.org/W4414475335","https://openalex.org/W3200334238","https://openalex.org/W4220663603","https://openalex.org/W7222914541","https://openalex.org/W3022121743","https://openalex.org/W4391931750","https://openalex.org/W7204632846","https://openalex.org/W7212383508","https://openalex.org/W7166707761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"models":[2,28],"for":[3,14,67,129],"mapping":[4],"heavy":[5],"metal":[6],"concentrations":[7,84],"in":[8,85,206,217],"soil":[9],"are":[10,29,61,66,263],"becoming":[11],"increasingly":[12],"popular":[13],"making":[15],"decisions":[16],"regarding":[17],"which":[18],"areas":[19],"to":[20,42,54,98,187,193,234,268],"remediate.":[21],"However,":[22],"the":[23,33,44,58,64,126,162,207,218,254],"reported":[24,59],"accuracies":[25,60],"of":[26,36,119,132,161,164,200,221,256,280],"these":[27],"typically":[30],"based":[31],"upon":[32],"same":[34],"set":[35],"clustered":[37,95],"samples":[38],"that":[39,240],"were":[40,80,107,185],"used":[41],"create":[43],"model.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"study,":[48],"we":[49,184],"use":[50],"a":[51,116,155,177,181,196],"controlled":[52],"simulation":[53],"determine":[55],"how":[56],"reliable":[57],"and":[62,112,158,170,179,213,251,265],"what":[63],"implications":[65],"remediation":[68],"decisions.":[69],"Twenty":[70],"synthetic":[71],"lead":[72],"contaminated":[73,222],"sites":[74,134],"(each":[75],"100":[76,78],"x":[77],"grid)":[79],"created":[81],"with":[82,271],"known":[83],"each":[86,174],"cell.":[87],"Each":[88],"site":[89],"was":[90,142],"then":[91],"sampled":[92],"using":[93,109,148],"preferential":[94,212],"sampling":[96,204,215],"methods":[97],"obtain":[99],"300":[100],"laboratory":[101],"samples.":[102],"Eight":[103],"different":[104],"model":[105],"configurations":[106],"evaluated":[108],"both":[110],"random":[111,149],"spatial-block":[113,140,166],"cross-validation":[114,124,141],"against":[115],"complete":[117],"census":[118,127],"all":[120],"un-sampled":[121],"cells.":[122,223],"Random":[123],"overestimated":[125],"R2":[128],"19":[130],"out":[131],"20":[133],"(mean":[135],"0.86":[136],"vs.":[137],"0.74),":[138],"while":[139,211],"pessimistic":[143],"(0.66).":[144],"Prediction":[145],"intervals":[146],"calibrated":[147],"residuals":[150],"provided":[151,168],"82%":[152],"coverage":[153],"at":[154,195],"nominal":[156],"90%,":[157],"64%":[159],"outside":[160],"area":[163],"applicability;":[165,281],"calibration":[167],"94%":[169],"84%.":[171],"By":[172],"treating":[173],"prediction":[175],"as":[176],"probability":[178],"applying":[180],"cost-ratio":[182],"rule,":[183],"able":[186],"reduce":[188],"missed":[189],"exceedances":[190],"from":[191,227],"31%":[192],"5%":[194],"miss-to-false-alarm":[197],"cost":[198],"ratio":[199],"10.":[201],"Additional":[202],"space-filling":[203],"resulted":[205,216],"lowest":[208],"map":[209],"error,":[210],"uncertainty-driven":[214],"highest":[219],"recall":[220],"Models":[224],"developed":[225],"solely":[226],"spectral":[228],"proxies":[229],"did":[230],"not":[231],"transfer":[232],"well":[233],"new":[235],"sites.":[236],"These":[237],"results":[238],"suggest":[239],"reporting":[241],"accuracy":[242],"under":[243],"multiple":[244],"validation":[245],"schemes,":[246],"utilizing":[247],"uncertainty-aware":[248],"decision":[249],"rules,":[250],"clearly":[252],"defining":[253],"limits":[255],"applicability":[257],"will":[258,266],"improve":[259],"decision-making.":[260],"All":[261],"findings":[262],"simulation-based":[264],"need":[267],"be":[269],"verified":[270],"field":[272],"data.":[273],"Keywords:":[274],"Spatial":[275],"cross-validation;":[276],"Conformal":[277],"prediction;":[278],"Area":[279],"Heavy-metal":[282],"mapping;":[283],"Risk-based":[284],"decision-making":[285]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}