{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225008263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","title":"A worldline (\"the thread\") reading of the electron: an action, an input count, and three open questions","display_name":"A worldline (\"the thread\") reading of the electron: an action, an input count, and three open questions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225008263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160275395","display_name":"Romans Sereda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sereda, Romans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160275395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":0.0494999997317791,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.020999999716877937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-model","display_name":"Standard Model","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-gravity","display_name":"quantum gravity","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unimodular-gravity","display_name":"unimodular gravity","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majorana-neutrinos","display_name":"Majorana neutrinos","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/z2-symmetry","display_name":"Z2 symmetry","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/koide-relation","display_name":"Koide relation","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yukawa-couplings","display_name":"Yukawa couplings","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermion-masses","display_name":"fermion masses","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-universe","display_name":"block universe","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-integral","display_name":"path integral","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108568745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234181","display_name":"Quantum gravity","level":3,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136170076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181296","display_name":"Abelian group","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101454708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106019","display_name":"Standard Model (mathematical formulation)","level":3,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49987212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33198","display_name":"String theory","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43506125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604907","display_name":"Spinor","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24872484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126818","display_name":"Dimensionless quantity","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79464548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464794","display_name":"Minkowski space","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527637","display_name":"Gauged supergravity","level":4,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151195881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153833","display_name":"Yukawa potential","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150522085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382037","display_name":"Grand Unified Theory","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110521144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193460","display_name":"Scalar field","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115047598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54505","display_name":"Quantum field theory","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402","display_name":"Higgs boson","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23853763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23853763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23853763","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23954758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23954758","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23954758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23847930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6930535147","https://openalex.org/W7223725629","https://openalex.org/W2000153155","https://openalex.org/W7099370774","https://openalex.org/W3148942525","https://openalex.org/W2011679249","https://openalex.org/W3047890284","https://openalex.org/W95864341","https://openalex.org/W2337450729","https://openalex.org/W7100571299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,94,152,165,196,227],"describe":[1],"the":[2,12,23,37,47,52,67,90,101,127,132,138,162,174,190,198,209,217,245,252,257,274,288,316,336,342,394],"electron":[3,145],"as":[4,100,303,326,351],"a":[5,87,118,123,147,181,232,269,304,327,356,381],"continuous":[6],"worldline":[7,35,39,133,253],"(a":[8,129],"\"thread\")":[9],"and":[10,16,26,32,44,77,105,203,221,247,266,315,335,355,373],"write":[11],"Standard":[13,69,163],"Model,":[14],"gravity":[15,72,202,243],"three":[17,230],"borrowed":[18,218],"hypotheses":[19],"(heavy":[20],"Majorana":[21],"neutrinos;":[22],"Z2":[24,219],"symmetry":[25,220],"CPT-mirror":[27],"boundary":[28],"of":[29,40,61,86,126,161,201,290,345,388],"Boyle,":[30],"Finn":[31],"Turok)":[33],"in":[34,110,117,146,189,260],"language:":[36],"supersymmetric":[38],"Brink,":[41],"Di":[42],"Vecchia":[43],"Howe":[45],"for":[46,51,131,208,244,331],"line,":[48,240],"field":[49],"theory":[50],"medium.":[53,275],"This":[54],"is":[55,73,80,301,391,397],"an":[56,352],"interpretation":[57],"with":[58,66,98,173,225,229,287],"no":[59,78,154,309],"prediction":[60,357],"its":[62,177],"own.":[63],"Its":[64],"equivalence":[65],"full":[68],"Model":[70],"plus":[71],"assumed,":[74],"not":[75,392],"shown,":[76],"law":[79,234],"given":[81],"that":[82,169,235,256],"picks":[83],"one":[84,237,374],"history":[85,238],"line":[88,258],"from":[89,251],"sum":[91],"over":[92],"paths.":[93],"count":[95,317],"dimensionless":[96],"inputs":[97],"G":[99],"unit:":[102],"33":[103],"numbers":[104,158],"9":[106],"structural":[107],"postulates,":[108],"42":[109],"all,":[111],"each":[112,172],"listed.":[113],"The":[114,293,385],"glued":[115],"theories":[116],"realist":[119],"reading":[120,125,140,200,295],"need":[121],"43;":[122,137],"weak":[124],"thread":[128,143,298],"name":[130],"form)":[134],"also":[135],"needs":[136,150,273],"strong":[139,294],"(one":[141,296],"real":[142,297],"per":[144,239,299],"block":[148],"universe)":[149],"44.":[151],"find":[153],"relation":[155,183,270],"between":[156,271],"measured":[157],"beyond":[159,313],"those":[160],"Model.":[164],"list":[166],"eight":[167],"variants":[168],"data":[170],"exclude,":[171],"assumption":[175,330],"behind":[176],"significance,":[178],"among":[179],"them":[180,272],"Koide":[182],"on":[184],"Yukawa":[185,267],"couplings":[186],"(-226":[187],"sigma":[188],"tau":[191],"mass,":[192],"PDG":[193],"error":[194],"only).":[195],"take":[197],"unimodular":[199,242],"choose":[204],"m1":[205,332],"=":[206,340,347],"0":[207,334],"lightest":[210],"neutrino,":[211],"zero":[212],"at":[213],"tree":[214],"level":[215],"by":[216,285],"about":[222],"1e-13":[223],"eV":[224],"loops.":[226],"end":[228],"questions:":[231],"covariant":[233],"selects":[236],"quantum":[241],"medium,":[246],"fermion":[248],"mass":[249],"relations":[250],"itself.":[254],"Symmetries":[255],"has":[259],"every":[261],"background":[262],"allow":[263],"any":[264],"gauge":[265],"couplings;":[268],"Version":[276],"4":[277],"(4":[278],"November":[279],"2026)":[280],"(version":[281],"3":[282],"was":[283],"published":[284],"mistake":[286],"files":[289],"version":[291,389],"2).":[292],"electron)":[300],"dropped":[302],"physical":[305],"input:":[306],"we":[307],"found":[308],"observable":[310],"it":[311],"adds":[312],"QED,":[314],"becomes":[318],"43":[319],":":[320],"43.":[321],"Added:":[322],"Strumia's":[323],"neutrino":[324],"textures":[325],"working":[328],"(borrowed)":[329],"\u2248":[333,363,368],"Alikhanov":[337],"ratio":[338],"m2/m3":[339],"tan\u00b2(\u03c0/8);":[341],"sign-switching-\u039b":[343],"compatibility":[344],"\u03a3m\u03bd":[346],"59":[348],"meV;":[349],"timescape":[350],"alternative":[353],"branch;":[354],"sheet":[358],"(\u03a3m\u03bd,":[359],"ordering,":[360],"m2/m3,":[361],"\u03b4_CP":[362],"149\u00b0":[364],"or":[365],"211\u00b0,":[366],"m\u03b2\u03b2":[367],"3\u20134":[369],"meV,":[370],"primordial":[371],"tensors,":[372],"pre-registered":[375],"single-electron":[376],"test,":[377],"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23947076).":[378],"Revised":[379],"after":[380],"blind":[382],"referee":[383],"check.":[384],"LaTeX":[386],"source":[387,396],"2":[390],"updated;":[393],"Markdown":[395],"attached.":[398]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}
