{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225008097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","title":"Short- and Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation in Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Short- and Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Multiwavelength Photobiomodulation in Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225008097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.118873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/536204-short--and-long-term-efficacy-and-safety-evaluation-of-multiwavelength-photobiomodulation-in-nonexudative-age-related-macular-degeneration-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/536204-short--and-long-term-efficacy-and-safety-evaluation-of-multiwavelength-photobiomodulation-in-nonexudative-age-related-macular-degeneration-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139054486","display_name":"Essam Ragab Ahmed Mohamed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Essam R Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[". College of Medicine , Taif University , Taif , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". College of Medicine , Taif University , Taif , SAU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160250081","display_name":"Rehab N Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rehab N Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160274929","display_name":"Areej A Almutairi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Areej A Almutairi","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160269015","display_name":"Abdulmalik A Meri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127754","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/030atj633","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127754"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmalik A Meri","raw_affiliation_strings":[". General Practice , Ministry of Health (MOH) -Aseer R\u00e9gion , Abha , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". General Practice , Ministry of Health (MOH) -Aseer R\u00e9gion , Abha , SAU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127754"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000087122","display_name":"Mokhtar Mohamed Ibrahim Abushanab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0076"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mokhtar M Abushanab","raw_affiliation_strings":[". College of Medicine , Taif University , Taif , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". College of Medicine , Taif University , Taif , SAU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160263555","display_name":"Ahmed Algihady","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Algihady","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160268073","display_name":"Ahmed Y Hammoud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Y Hammoud","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160241432","display_name":"Mohammad H Alfiqi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad H Alfiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Ophthalmology , Agig General Hospital , Al-Baha ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Agig General Hospital , Al-Baha ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160279467","display_name":"Mohammed Alsolu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alsolu","raw_affiliation_strings":[". College of Medicine , Taif University , Taif , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". College of Medicine , Taif University , Taif , SAU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123325710","display_name":"Shaikha Adel Almahroos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaikha A Almahroos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160240237","display_name":"Israa M Rajab","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Israa M Rajab","raw_affiliation_strings":[". General Practice , Royal Medical Services , Manama , BHR",". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". General Practice , Royal Medical Services , Manama , BHR","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Saudi Airlines Medical Center , Jeddah , SAU","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115549897","display_name":"Ghaliah Y Alhejji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghaliah Y Alhejji","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160250893","display_name":"Thiga A Elbashir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiga A Elbashir","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Ophthalmology , Agig General Hospital , Al-Baha ,","SAU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Ophthalmology , Agig General Hospital , Al-Baha ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAU","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.7250999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.7250999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11566","display_name":"Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine","score":0.10499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.07460000365972519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-level-laser-therapy","display_name":"low-level laser therapy","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-exudative-age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"non-exudative age-related macular degeneration","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"dry age-related macular degeneration","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-dysfunction","display_name":"mitochondrial dysfunction","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-corrected-visual-acuity","display_name":"best-corrected visual acuity","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-pigment-epithelium-thickness","display_name":"retinal pigment epithelium thickness","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-safety","display_name":"treatment safety","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-efficacy","display_name":"long-term efficacy","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leave-one-out-analysis","display_name":"leave-one-out analysis","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-function-outcomes","display_name":"visual function outcomes","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-degeneration","display_name":"retinal degeneration","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9678999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779528045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2812386","display_name":"Laser safety","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422725","display_name":"Eye protection","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.23970000445842743}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.118873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/536204-short--and-long-term-efficacy-and-safety-evaluation-of-multiwavelength-photobiomodulation-in-nonexudative-age-related-macular-degeneration-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.118873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.118873","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/536204-short--and-long-term-efficacy-and-safety-evaluation-of-multiwavelength-photobiomodulation-in-nonexudative-age-related-macular-degeneration-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225008097.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225008097.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986245507","https://openalex.org/W2032506622","https://openalex.org/W2109887283","https://openalex.org/W2119605658","https://openalex.org/W2125435699","https://openalex.org/W2160226180","https://openalex.org/W2165010366","https://openalex.org/W2223538997","https://openalex.org/W2414212658","https://openalex.org/W2419255724","https://openalex.org/W2531269403","https://openalex.org/W2563569933","https://openalex.org/W2602573314","https://openalex.org/W2768877461","https://openalex.org/W2803816710","https://openalex.org/W2944120685","https://openalex.org/W2967358328","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2975424845","https://openalex.org/W3016688264","https://openalex.org/W3044466678","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W4211199473","https://openalex.org/W4213111119","https://openalex.org/W4308834557","https://openalex.org/W4313382422","https://openalex.org/W4362694085","https://openalex.org/W4388744565","https://openalex.org/W4401622156","https://openalex.org/W4402511429","https://openalex.org/W4402540432","https://openalex.org/W4408489308","https://openalex.org/W4411537987","https://openalex.org/W7117489897","https://openalex.org/W7134131785","https://openalex.org/W7163916753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6939860732","https://openalex.org/W4391567768","https://openalex.org/W4391576304","https://openalex.org/W7129531805","https://openalex.org/W4255979125","https://openalex.org/W4417437232","https://openalex.org/W4406796287","https://openalex.org/W4313382422","https://openalex.org/W7125153913","https://openalex.org/W7134131785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiwavelength":[0],"photobiomodulation":[1],"(PBM)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,137,197,205,257,270,325],"novel":[5],"non-invasive":[6],"intervention":[7],"that":[8],"targets":[9],"mitochondrial":[10],"dysfunction":[11],"in":[12,34,144,193,196,235,260,358],"nonexudative":[13],"(dry)":[14],"age-related":[15],"macular":[16,236],"degeneration":[17],"(AMD).This":[18],"systematic":[19,39],"review":[20],"and":[21,30,51,75,98,107,124,192,247,309,323,332,337,346],"meta-analysis":[22,130],"aimed":[23],"to":[24,68,160,183,284,296,300,351],"evaluate":[25],"the":[26,84,168,171,175,202,290,301,314,329,354],"short-and":[27],"long-term":[28,347],"efficacy":[29],"safety":[31,272,327],"of":[32,41,49,89,93,100,103,131,174,190,204,278,289,304,316,356],"PBM":[33,64,200,311,357],"patients":[35,317],"with":[36,83,274,342],"dry":[37],"AMD.A":[38],"search":[40],"major":[42],"databases":[43],"(PubMed,":[44],"Embase,":[45],"CENTRAL,":[46],"Scopus,":[47],"Web":[48],"Science)":[50],"trial":[52,255],"registries":[53],"was":[54,222,292],"conducted":[55],"until":[56],"August":[57],"2026.Randomized":[58],"controlled":[59],"trials":[60],"(RCTs)":[61],"comparing":[62],"multiwavelength":[63],"(e.g.,":[65],"590/660/850":[66],"nm)":[67],"sham":[69,344],"or":[70,282],"no":[71,275],"treatment":[72],"were":[73,78,110,128,250],"included.Continuous":[74],"dichotomous":[76],"outcomes":[77],"pooled":[79],"using":[80],"random-effects":[81],"models":[82],"Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman":[85],"(HKSJ)":[86],"adjustment.The":[87],"risk":[88,277,303],"bias":[90],"(Cochrane":[91],"Risk":[92],"Bias":[94],"2":[95],"(RoB":[96],"2))":[97],"certainty":[99,288],"evidence":[101,291],"(Grading":[102],"Recommendations":[104],"Assessment,":[105],"Development,":[106],"Evaluation":[108],"(GRADE))":[109],"systematically":[111],"evaluated.Ten":[112],"reports":[113],"from":[114],"nine":[115],"unique":[116],"studies":[117],"(four":[118],"RCTs,":[119],"one":[120,226],"non-randomized":[121],"comparative":[122],"study,":[123],"four":[125,132],"uncontrolled":[126],"studies)":[127],"included.A":[129],"RCTs":[133,341],"(365":[134],"eyes)":[135],"revealed":[136],"fragile,":[138],"short-term":[139],"(<":[140],"12":[141],"months)":[142],"improvement":[143],"best-corrected":[145],"visual":[146,321,331],"acuity":[147],"(BCVA)":[148],"(mean":[149],"difference":[150,241],"(MD):":[151],"+1.44":[152],"ETDRS":[153],"letters;":[154],"95%":[155,180,216,232],"confidence":[156],"interval":[157],"(CI):":[158],"0.12":[159],"2.76),":[161],"which":[162,221],"lost":[163],"significance":[164],"after":[165,224],"adjustment":[166],"for":[167],"correlation":[169,189],"between":[170],"two":[172],"eyes":[173],"same":[176],"patient":[177],"(MD:":[178],"1.37;":[179],"CI:":[181,217,233],"-0.03":[182],"2.77":[184],"at":[185,264],"an":[186],"assumed":[187],"intraclass":[188],"0.5)":[191],"leave-one-out":[194],"analyses.However,":[195],"post-hoc":[198],"analysis,":[199],"increased":[201,276,313],"likelihood":[203],"clinically":[206],"meaningful":[207],"\u2265":[208],"5-letter":[209],"BCVA":[210],"gain":[211],"(risk":[212],"ratio":[213],"(RR):":[214],"2.77;":[215],"2.08-3.68;p":[218],"=":[219,245],"0.0015),":[220],"unchanged":[223],"excluding":[225],"trial's":[227],"full-protocol":[228],"subgroup":[229],"(RR:":[230,267],"2.84;":[231],"1.86-4.32).Reductions":[234],"drusen":[237],"volume":[238],"(standardized":[239],"mean":[240],"(SMD):":[242],"-0.18;":[243],"p":[244],"0.081)":[246],"contrast":[248],"sensitivity":[249],"not":[251],"statistically":[252],"significant.One":[253],"large":[254],"reported":[256],"significant":[258],"reduction":[259],"incident":[261],"geographic":[262],"atrophy":[263],"24":[265],"months":[266],"0.29).PBM":[268],"demonstrated":[269],"favorable":[271,326],"profile,":[273],"ocular":[279],"adverse":[280],"events":[281],"progression":[283],"neovascular":[285],"AMD.The":[286],"overall":[287],"graded":[293],"as":[294],"low":[295,298],"very":[297],"due":[299],"high":[302],"bias,":[305],"small":[306],"sample":[307],"sizes,":[308],"imprecision.Multiwavelength":[310],"significantly":[312],"proportion":[315],"who":[318],"achieved":[319],"categorical":[320],"gains":[322],"maintained":[324],"profile.However,":[328],"continuous":[330],"anatomical":[333],"benefits":[334],"are":[335,349],"modest":[336],"fragile.High-quality,":[338],"independently":[339],"funded":[340],"standardized":[343],"controls":[345],"follow-ups":[348],"warranted":[350],"definitively":[352],"establish":[353],"role":[355],"AMD":[359],"management.":[360]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}