{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224996691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","title":"Layer-specific quantitative analysis of accommodation in the human lens using long-range OCT and machine learning","display_name":"Layer-specific quantitative analysis of accommodation in the human lens using long-range OCT and machine learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224996691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42966846","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13723935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190797","display_name":"Eye and Vision","issn_l":"2326-0254","issn":["2326-0254"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye and Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104334909","display_name":"Keerthana Soman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-8916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-8916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keerthana Soman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru\u0144, Poland","Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160256946","display_name":"Muhammad Usman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160240143","display_name":"Raul Urriza-Arpal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raul Urriza-Arpal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru\u0144, Poland","Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090657059","display_name":"Grzegorz Gondek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-1069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-1069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Gondek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044624860","display_name":"Karol Karnowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-5878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-5878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157029","display_name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry","ror":"https://ror.org/05e830h62","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157029","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286090","display_name":"International Centre for Translational Eye Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013hbdf27","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157029","https://openalex.org/I4405286090","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karol Karnowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157029","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286090","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143459791","display_name":"Jacek Ruminski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacek Ruminski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039685421","display_name":"Ireneusz Grulkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7688-1826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7688-1826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ireneusz Grulkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru\u0144, Poland. igrulkowski@fizyka.umk.pl","Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland. igrulkowski@fizyka.umk.pl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru\u0144, Poland. igrulkowski@fizyka.umk.pl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Grudzi\u0105dzka 5, 87-100, Toru\u0144, Poland. igrulkowski@fizyka.umk.pl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039685421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72601474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.0658000037074089,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11291","display_name":"Intraocular Surgery and Lenses","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accommodation","display_name":"accommodation","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystalline-lens","display_name":"crystalline lens","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens-cortex","display_name":"lens cortex","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens-nucleus","display_name":"lens nucleus","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens-deformation","display_name":"lens deformation","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-segmentation","display_name":"machine learning segmentation","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anterior-chamber-depth","display_name":"anterior chamber depth","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitreous-chamber-depth","display_name":"vitreous chamber depth","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axial-length","display_name":"axial length","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens-biomechanics","display_name":"lens biomechanics","score":0.6539999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.7487999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.7159000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157660682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419793","display_name":"Accommodation","level":2,"score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5213000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779909278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319595","display_name":"Presbyopia","level":2,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984588014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730675","display_name":"Quantitative assessment","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95986675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185168","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781264644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885473","display_name":"Vitreous chamber","level":4,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910210001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359844","display_name":"Anterior Eye Segment","level":3,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11665553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136069","display_name":"Radius of curvature","level":5,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3756478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410566","display_name":"Optical axis","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779567214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32806","display_name":"Intraocular lens","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776882836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168291","display_name":"Cornea","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112604564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7489226","display_name":"Shape analysis (program analysis)","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190797","display_name":"Eye and Vision","issn_l":"2326-0254","issn":["2326-0254"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye and Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13723935","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723935/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723935/pdf/40662_2026_Article_517.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye Vis (Lond)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42966846","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42966846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye and vision (London, England)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c9102885497c46528bcdb35241725d62","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c9102885497c46528bcdb35241725d62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Eye and Vision, Vol 13, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8810083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8810083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8810083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8810083.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8810083.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8810083.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40662-026-00517-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190797","display_name":"Eye and Vision","issn_l":"2326-0254","issn":["2326-0254"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye and Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1633300104","display_name":"Translational Research and Innovation in Ophthalmology Vision - Centre of Excellence","funder_award_id":"101136570","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2685909460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101119924","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224996691.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224996691.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968014774","https://openalex.org/W1980522728","https://openalex.org/W1994083177","https://openalex.org/W1999376012","https://openalex.org/W2002844312","https://openalex.org/W2014941422","https://openalex.org/W2024729534","https://openalex.org/W2028505284","https://openalex.org/W2031908838","https://openalex.org/W2038835377","https://openalex.org/W2042767673","https://openalex.org/W2043465439","https://openalex.org/W2047651912","https://openalex.org/W2049459363","https://openalex.org/W2065948752","https://openalex.org/W2068129668","https://openalex.org/W2078340265","https://openalex.org/W2084711385","https://openalex.org/W2086963517","https://openalex.org/W2088360162","https://openalex.org/W2093228185","https://openalex.org/W2113942809","https://openalex.org/W2125091156","https://openalex.org/W2137491467","https://openalex.org/W2161695193","https://openalex.org/W2164860908","https://openalex.org/W2168392577","https://openalex.org/W2170430434","https://openalex.org/W2179628483","https://openalex.org/W2563223325","https://openalex.org/W2575749937","https://openalex.org/W2608806198","https://openalex.org/W2901100725","https://openalex.org/W2956250356","https://openalex.org/W3120822351","https://openalex.org/W3159277686","https://openalex.org/W3195615217","https://openalex.org/W4205667513","https://openalex.org/W4220998204","https://openalex.org/W4293168910","https://openalex.org/W4309606045","https://openalex.org/W4319460614","https://openalex.org/W4389208499","https://openalex.org/W4412895497","https://openalex.org/W7171417354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7170076921","https://openalex.org/W2789745347","https://openalex.org/W3159277686","https://openalex.org/W2888727075","https://openalex.org/W7084102732","https://openalex.org/W4311498441","https://openalex.org/W2002104784","https://openalex.org/W2575749937","https://openalex.org/W2608806198","https://openalex.org/W2064776130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,127,150,317],"crystalline":[2,147],"lens":[3,20,73,116,148,178,203,215,268,294,312,344],"undergoes":[4],"complex":[5],"deformations":[6,216],"during":[7,259],"accommodation.":[8],"However,":[9],"in":[10,71,145,155,174,242,341],"vivo":[11],"characterization":[12],"of":[13,17,33,54,112,120,152,223,256,309,325,336],"the":[14,18,31,52,55,59,72,113,121,139,146,176,188,191,196,206,224,262,267,271,277,311,326],"accommodation-induced":[15],"dynamics":[16],"internal":[19,214],"structures":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23],"hindered":[24],"by":[25,30,219],"limited":[26],"imaging":[27],"depth":[28,130],"and":[29,50,64,101,115,136,141,163,171,179,200,232,238,266,299,305,329,338,343],"difficulty":[32],"segmenting":[34],"these":[35],"subtle":[36],"features.":[37],"In":[38,275],"this":[39],"study,":[40],"long-range":[41,91],"optical":[42,65,300],"coherence":[43],"tomography":[44],"(OCT)":[45],"was":[46,132],"used":[47,133],"to":[48,134,202,226],"visualize":[49],"measure":[51],"morphology":[53],"accommodating":[56],"eye,":[57],"including":[58,228],"cornea,":[60],"entire":[61],"lens,":[62],"nucleus,":[63],"signal":[66],"discontinuity":[67],"(OSD)":[68],"zones":[69,144,194,209,265,328],"(C1-C4)":[70],"cortex.":[74,149],"METHODS:":[75],"Sixty":[76],"healthy":[77],"young":[78],"adults":[79],"(mean":[80],"age":[81],"26":[82],"\u00b1":[83],"7":[84],"years)":[85],"were":[86,217],"imaged":[87],"with":[88,190],"a":[89,105,239,254,314,331],"commercial":[90],"OCT":[92,122],"system":[93],"at":[94,246],"four":[95],"accommodative":[96,198,248],"demands":[97],"(0,":[98],"2,":[99],"4,":[100],"6":[102],"D)":[103],"using":[104,292],"modified":[106],"Badal":[107],"unit.":[108],"Machine":[109],"learning-assisted":[110],"segmentation":[111],"corneal":[114],"interfaces":[117],"enabled":[118],"correction":[119],"images":[123],"for":[124,333],"light":[125],"refraction.":[126],"central":[128],"densitometric":[129],"profile":[131],"identify":[135],"manually":[137],"delineate":[138],"anterior":[140,230],"posterior":[142],"OSD":[143,327],"analysis":[151,183],"accommodation-related":[153],"changes":[154,173,186],"eye":[156,225],"geometry":[157],"included":[158],"intraocular":[159],"distance,":[160],"OSD-zone":[161],"thickness,":[162],"surface":[164],"curvature.":[165],"RESULTS:":[166],"Accommodation":[167],"induced":[168],"significant":[169],"thickening":[170],"curvature":[172],"both":[175],"whole":[177],"its":[180],"nucleus.":[181],"Zonal":[182],"revealed":[184],"localized":[185],"within":[187],"cortex,":[189],"inner":[192],"C4":[193,264],"showing":[195],"largest":[197],"thinning":[199],"contributing":[201],"deformation,":[204],"whereas":[205],"peripheral":[207,278],"cortical":[208,263,304],"exhibited":[210],"minimal":[211],"changes.":[212],"These":[213,283],"accompanied":[218],"typical":[220],"biometric":[221],"responses":[222],"accommodation,":[227,260],"reduced":[229],"chamber":[231,234],"vitreous":[233],"depths":[235],"across":[236],"demands,":[237],"slight":[240],"increase":[241],"ocular":[243],"axial":[244],"length":[245],"lower":[247],"demands.":[249],"CONCLUSIONS:":[250],"This":[251],"study":[252],"provides":[253],"map":[255],"lenticular":[257],"deformation":[258,273],"identifying":[261],"nucleus":[269],"as":[270,313],"primary":[272],"compartments.":[274],"contrast,":[276],"cortex":[279],"remains":[280],"relatively":[281],"passive.":[282],"findings":[284],"demonstrate":[285],"that":[286],"accommodation":[287,342],"cannot":[288],"be":[289],"fully":[290],"described":[291],"global":[293],"metrics":[295],"alone.":[296],"Therefore,":[297],"biomechanical":[298],"models":[301],"should":[302],"incorporate":[303],"nuclear":[306],"behavior":[307],"instead":[308],"treating":[310],"homogeneous":[315],"structure.":[316],"quantitative":[318],"data":[319],"presented":[320],"here":[321],"extend":[322],"our":[323],"understanding":[324],"establish":[330],"baseline":[332],"future":[334],"investigations":[335],"age-related":[337],"pathological":[339],"alterations":[340],"structures.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}