{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224996302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","title":"Global Ionospheric Responses to Four X\u2010Class Solar Flares in November 2025","display_name":"Global Ionospheric Responses to Four X\u2010Class Solar Flares in November 2025","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224996302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026sw005116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026SW005116","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026SW005116","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084805060","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-6026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-6026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-6026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069419261","display_name":"Shasha Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7726-2349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7726-2349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shasha Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7726-2349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084805060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83570937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-flares","display_name":"solar flares","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-response","display_name":"ionospheric response","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"total electron content","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosonde-observations","display_name":"ionosonde observations","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fof2","display_name":"foF2","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-active-regions","display_name":"solar active regions","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184850221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3801433","display_name":"Ionosonde","level":4,"score":0.9527000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.8751000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185001636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830","display_name":"Solar flare","level":2,"score":0.6972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779588948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628261","display_name":"Flare","level":2,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.6139000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162996421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371965","display_name":"Extreme ultraviolet lithography","level":2,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170641098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130011","display_name":"Geomagnetic storm","level":4,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151325931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584093","display_name":"Space weather","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171428510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2314257","display_name":"Solar minimum","level":5,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52083857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445154","display_name":"Solar maximum","level":5,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9695528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556707","display_name":"Solar irradiance","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17674307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6063767","display_name":"Ionospheric absorption","level":3,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43867161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49385","display_name":"Solar cycle","level":4,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58300830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301494","display_name":"F region","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.265500009059906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026sw005116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026SW005116","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026sw005116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026sw005116","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026SW005116","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166492742","display_name":"Space Weather","issn_l":"1542-7390","issn":["1542-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Space Weather","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224996302.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224996302.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511007519","https://openalex.org/W1673940625","https://openalex.org/W1746915569","https://openalex.org/W1904262464","https://openalex.org/W1981714715","https://openalex.org/W1982851282","https://openalex.org/W1989514439","https://openalex.org/W1997574807","https://openalex.org/W2014209718","https://openalex.org/W2024153682","https://openalex.org/W2046174734","https://openalex.org/W2077829422","https://openalex.org/W2088044848","https://openalex.org/W2089302478","https://openalex.org/W2111831949","https://openalex.org/W2116330849","https://openalex.org/W2150145858","https://openalex.org/W2159039943","https://openalex.org/W2265012824","https://openalex.org/W2612868443","https://openalex.org/W2883908877","https://openalex.org/W2894832437","https://openalex.org/W2921894922","https://openalex.org/W2946035662","https://openalex.org/W2982115007","https://openalex.org/W3114863429","https://openalex.org/W3207764986","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W4221101594","https://openalex.org/W4253744049","https://openalex.org/W4283694738","https://openalex.org/W4290805728","https://openalex.org/W4320496024","https://openalex.org/W4399223165","https://openalex.org/W4404621559","https://openalex.org/W4406500621","https://openalex.org/W4409870644","https://openalex.org/W4413039197","https://openalex.org/W4413168867","https://openalex.org/W4414556891","https://openalex.org/W7143031833"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408470677","https://openalex.org/W2514166799","https://openalex.org/W2805155799","https://openalex.org/W4402151012","https://openalex.org/W4406500621","https://openalex.org/W2348791259","https://openalex.org/W2123694801","https://openalex.org/W2004127238","https://openalex.org/W7125001753","https://openalex.org/W2023740038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,123],"investigate":[2],"global":[3],"ionospheric":[4,146],"responses":[5,142],"to":[6,120,139],"four":[7],"X\u2010class":[8],"solar\u2010disk":[9],"flares":[10,42],"that":[11],"occurred":[12],"in":[13,74,90,154,171],"November":[14],"2025":[15],"from":[16,144],"the":[17,84,91,172],"same":[18],"solar":[19,31],"active":[20],"region,":[21],"using":[22],"multi\u2010instrument":[23],"observations":[24,150],"including":[25],"GNSS,":[26],"ionosonde,":[27],"geomagnetic":[28,198],"and":[29,47,56,78,116,136,156],"GOES":[30,110],"irradiance":[32,76],"data.":[33],"Pronounced":[34],"dayside":[35],"TEC":[36,57,81,93,99,177],"enhancements":[37],"are":[38],"observed":[39,102],"for":[40,103,203],"three":[41],"(#2":[43],"X1.2,":[44],"#3":[45],"X5.1,":[46],"#4":[48],"X4.0),":[49],"with":[50,60,130,191],"comparable":[51],"durations":[52],"of":[53,67,80,87,158],"20\u201330":[54],"min":[55],"magnitudes":[58],"increasing":[59],"flare":[61,104,121,184],"intensity.":[62],"A":[63],"consistent":[64,152],"time":[65],"delay":[66],"30\u201360":[68],"s":[69],"is":[70],"identified":[71],"between":[72],"peaks":[73],"EUV":[75,88,133],"rate":[77,79],"(ROT),":[82],"supporting":[83],"primary":[85],"role":[86,202],"radiation":[89],"E/F\u2010region":[92,141],"enhancements.":[94],"In":[95],"contrast,":[96],"no":[97],"detectable":[98],"response":[100,189],"was":[101],"#1":[105],"(X1.7),":[106],"despite":[107],"its":[108,131],"higher":[109],"X\u2010ray":[111],"class,":[112],"common":[113],"active\u2010region":[114],"origin,":[115],"similar":[117],"disk":[118],"location":[119],"#2.":[122],"interpret":[124],"this":[125],"absence":[126],"as":[127],"mainly":[128],"associated":[129],"weak":[132],"irradiance\u2010rate":[134],"enhancement":[135],"potentially":[137],"insufficient":[138],"produce":[140],"distinguishable":[143],"background":[145],"variability.":[147],"Concurrent":[148],"ionosonde":[149,180],"reveal":[151],"increases":[153],"fmin":[155],"disappearance":[157],"foF2":[159],"across":[160],"multiple":[161],"sunlit":[162],"stations,":[163,199],"indicating":[164],"strong":[165],"high\u2010frequency":[166],"(HF)":[167],"radio":[168],"wave":[169],"absorption":[170],"lower":[173],"ionosphere.":[174],"Additionally,":[175],"GNSS":[176],"increased":[178],"while":[179],"foF2/NmF2/hmF2":[181],"decreased":[182],"during":[183],"#2":[185],"(X1.2).":[186],"This":[187],"contrasting":[188],"coincided":[190],"short\u2010lived":[192],"negative":[193],"H\u2010component":[194],"perturbations":[195],"at":[196],"nearby":[197],"suggesting":[200],"a":[201],"regional":[204],"electrodynamic":[205],"forcing.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}
