{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224994875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","title":"Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils of the Zacatecas Mining District, Mexico: An Integrated Geoaccumulation and Multivariate Approach","display_name":"Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils of the Zacatecas Mining District, Mexico: An Integrated Geoaccumulation and Multivariate Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224994875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067772099","display_name":"Edmundo Escare\u00f1o-Ju\u00e1rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-8554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-8554"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmundo Escare\u00f1o-Juarez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077986952","display_name":"Ana Isabel Barrado Olmedo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Isabel Barrado Olmedo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037121891","display_name":"Marta Fern\u00e1ndez D\u00edaz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Fern\u00e1ndez D\u00edaz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064998280","display_name":"E. Conde Vilda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7879-0896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7879-0896"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Estefan\u00eda Conde Vilda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120267177","display_name":"Minerva Nathalie Escare\u00f1o-Becerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0056-5690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0056-5690"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minerva Nathalie Escare\u00f1o-Becerra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120267178","display_name":"Tadeo Maldonado-Gonzalez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7728-1651","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7728-1651"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tadeo Maldonado-Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120267179","display_name":"Roque Armando Ramirez-Martinez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9485-3120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9485-3120"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roque Armando Ram\u00edrez-Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092665513","display_name":"Gonzalo Alejandro Escare\u00f1o-Torres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3692-0881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3692-0881"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalo Alejandro Escare\u00f1o-Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72487959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metalloids","display_name":"metalloids","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-contamination","display_name":"soil contamination","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silver-mining","display_name":"silver mining","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mine-tailings","display_name":"mine tailings","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoaccumulation-index","display_name":"geoaccumulation index","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-load-index","display_name":"pollution load index","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-risk-index","display_name":"ecological risk index","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arsenic","display_name":"arsenic","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-apportionment","display_name":"source apportionment","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"land use","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remediation","display_name":"remediation","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.742900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5166401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784525","display_name":"Tailings","level":2,"score":0.6606000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779310815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5379521","display_name":"Enrichment factor","level":3,"score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77288539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19596","display_name":"Metalloid","level":3,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502230775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871","display_name":"Arsenic","level":2,"score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778337684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3173700","display_name":"Apportionment","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65580899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212734","display_name":"Soil contamination","level":3,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34874003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7605999708175659}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415924218","https://openalex.org/W4400623291","https://openalex.org/W2733452455","https://openalex.org/W4284686006","https://openalex.org/W7202379075","https://openalex.org/W2794989332","https://openalex.org/W6963964876","https://openalex.org/W2526382140","https://openalex.org/W2371164373","https://openalex.org/W2787569719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Five":[0],"centuries":[1],"of":[2,21,49,152,188],"silver":[3],"mining":[4],"have":[5],"left":[6],"extensive":[7],"metal-bearing":[8],"waste":[9],"around":[10],"Zacatecas":[11],"City,":[12],"Mexico,":[13],"yet":[14],"the":[15,22,56,120,144,153],"spatial":[16],"structure,":[17],"severity":[18],"and":[19,37,64,70,79,109,135,156,177,180],"sources":[20,72],"resulting":[23],"soil":[24],"contamination":[25,54],"remain":[26],"poorly":[27],"quantified.":[28],"We":[29],"determined":[30],"Cr,":[31],"Co,":[32],"Ni,":[33],"Cu,":[34],"Zn,":[35],"As":[36],"Pb":[38,91,134],"by":[39,73],"ICP-MS":[40],"in":[41],"40":[42],"surface":[43],"soils":[44,142],"from":[45,166],"four":[46],"peripheral":[47],"areas":[48],"contrasting":[50],"land":[51],"use,":[52],"assessed":[53],"with":[55,127],"geoaccumulation":[57],"index":[58,62,68],"(Igeo),":[59],"pollution":[60],"load":[61],"(PLI)":[63],"H\u00e5kanson":[65],"ecological":[66,154],"risk":[67,155],"(RI),":[69],"resolved":[71],"correlation,":[74],"principal":[75],"component":[76],"analysis":[77],"(PCA)":[78],"hierarchical":[80],"clustering.":[81],"Against":[82],"Upper":[83],"Continental":[84],"Crust":[85],"background,":[86],"mean":[87],"Igeo":[88],"decreased":[89],"as":[90,111],"(5.65)":[92],">As":[93],"(5.44)":[94],">Zn":[95],"(4.93)":[96],">Cu":[97],"(4.46)":[98],">Ni":[99],"(1.82)":[100],">Co":[101],"(1.78)":[102],">Cr":[103],"(1.27),":[104],"classing":[105],"Pb,":[106],"As,":[107],"Zn":[108],"Cu":[110],"extremely":[112],"accumulated.":[113],"The":[114],"El":[115],"Bote":[116],"tailings":[117],"area":[118],"was":[119],"dominant":[121],"hotspot":[122],"(PLI":[123],"33;":[124],"RI":[125],"6938),":[126],"up":[128],"to":[129],"9":[130],"510":[131],"mg":[132,138],"kg\u22121":[133,139],"8":[136],"531":[137],"As;":[140],"all":[141],"exceeded":[143],"NOM-147":[145],"arsenic":[146],"limit.":[147],"Arsenic":[148],"alone":[149],"contributed":[150],"67.2%":[151],"lead":[157],"22.0%.":[158],"PCA":[159],"separated":[160],"a":[161,167,174,182],"polymetallic":[162],"anthropogenic":[163],"factor":[164,169],"(Cu-Zn-As-Pb)":[165],"lithogenic":[168],"(Cr-Ni-Co).":[170],"These":[171],"findings":[172],"identify":[173],"priority":[175],"environmental-":[176],"public-health":[178],"hazard":[179],"provide":[181],"reproducible":[183],"basis":[184],"for":[185],"targeting":[186],"remediation":[187],"legacy":[189],"mine":[190],"waste.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}