{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224993137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","title":"Environmental Regulation, Administrative Friction, and Real Estate Development Efficiency: Evidence from New York City, London, and Singapore","display_name":"Environmental Regulation, Administrative Friction, and Real Estate Development Efficiency: Evidence from New York City, London, and Singapore","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224993137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404677301","display_name":"Universal Library of business and economics.","issn_l":"3064-9951","issn":["3064-9951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universal Library of Business and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160244001","display_name":"Jennifer Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evidence from New York City , London , and Singapore","JP Investment Holdings, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evidence from New York City , London , and Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"JP Investment Holdings, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160244001"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94978713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"17","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14390","display_name":"Real estate and construction management","score":0.40799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14390","display_name":"Real estate and construction management","score":0.40799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13920","display_name":"Urban Planning and Valuation","score":0.1680999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.13979999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-regulation","display_name":"environmental regulation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-estate-development","display_name":"real estate development","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-uncertainty","display_name":"regulatory uncertainty","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-regulation","display_name":"process regulation","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-requirements","display_name":"performance requirements","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-incentives","display_name":"market incentives","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-emissions","display_name":"building carbon emissions","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-certification","display_name":"precertification","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-mark","display_name":"Green Mark","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planning-review","display_name":"planning review","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-stringency","display_name":"regulatory stringency","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-york-city","display_name":"New York City","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/london","display_name":"London","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singapore","display_name":"Singapore","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5288000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82279013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684740","display_name":"Real estate","level":2,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20256287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8354340","display_name":"Environmental impact statement","level":3,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985274072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798","display_name":"Environmental regulation","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989271921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919526","display_name":"Environmental policy","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309700","display_name":"Regulatory reform","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780495726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2186896","display_name":"Estate","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777596936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727002","display_name":"Charter","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404677301","display_name":"Universal Library of business and economics.","issn_l":"3064-9951","issn":["3064-9951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universal Library of Business and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulbec.2026.0304002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404677301","display_name":"Universal Library of business and economics.","issn_l":"3064-9951","issn":["3064-9951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universal Library of Business and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9333000183105469,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224993137.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224993137.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527775453","https://openalex.org/W1579298828","https://openalex.org/W1581254491","https://openalex.org/W2037326723","https://openalex.org/W2090841340","https://openalex.org/W2119351812","https://openalex.org/W2138033620","https://openalex.org/W2169988107","https://openalex.org/W2170266682","https://openalex.org/W2273081624","https://openalex.org/W2754978208","https://openalex.org/W3121238722","https://openalex.org/W3124298562","https://openalex.org/W3125335993","https://openalex.org/W4234959920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W880179419","https://openalex.org/W2788919241","https://openalex.org/W3033143342","https://openalex.org/W2479693123","https://openalex.org/W7101132580","https://openalex.org/W3029767865","https://openalex.org/W1981699512","https://openalex.org/W2775132309","https://openalex.org/W2058363307","https://openalex.org/W3123195429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Environmental":[0],"regulation":[1],"is":[2,177,184,214],"often":[3],"treated":[4],"as":[5,66],"a":[6,37,67,138,163],"scalar":[7],"constraint":[8],"on":[9,33],"real":[10],"estate":[11],"development:":[12],"stricter":[13],"rules":[14],"are":[15,109],"assumed":[16],"to":[17,179,186,194],"produce":[18],"slower":[19],"or":[20,61,219],"more":[21,218],"expensive":[22],"development.":[23],"This":[24],"article":[25],"argues":[26],"instead":[27,185],"that":[28,97,174],"the":[29,167],"sustainability\u2013development":[30],"trade-off":[31],"depends":[32],"regulatory":[34,64,188],"architecture.":[35],"Using":[36],"structured,":[38],"focused":[39],"comparison":[40,95],"of":[41,166,207],"New":[42,119],"York":[43,120],"City,":[44],"London,":[45],"and":[46,58,85,113,142,147,155,193,199,229],"Singapore,":[47],"it":[48,172],"separates":[49],"three":[50,168],"channels\u2014environmentally":[51],"relevant":[52],"process":[53],"regulation,":[54,221],"substantive":[55,208],"performance":[56,225],"requirements,":[57],"market-based":[59],"valuation":[60],"incentives\u2014and":[62],"adds":[63],"uncertainty":[65],"distinct":[68],"developer-finance":[69],"cost.":[70],"The":[71,94,158,211],"evidence":[72,159],"base":[73],"combines":[74,121,144],"peer-reviewed":[75],"research":[76],"with":[77,103,125,150,226],"statutes,":[78],"adopted":[79],"planning":[80,140],"guidance,":[81],"agency":[82],"processing":[83],"data,":[84],"government":[86],"monitoring":[87],"reports":[88],"current":[89],"through":[90,115],"September":[91],"14,":[92],"2026.":[93],"shows":[96],"strong":[98],"environmental":[99,180,209,224],"requirements":[100,124],"can":[101,202],"coexist":[102],"relatively":[104],"predictable":[105,230],"development":[106],"when":[107],"obligations":[108],"measurable,":[110],"established":[111],"early,":[112],"reviewed":[114],"coordinated":[116],"administrative":[117,175,191],"systems.":[118],"stringent":[122],"building-emissions":[123],"lengthy":[126],"discretionary":[127,139],"pre-certification":[128],"for":[129],"some":[130],"projects;":[131],"London":[132],"layers":[133],"standardized":[134],"carbon":[135],"metrics":[136],"onto":[137],"system;":[141],"Singapore":[143],"mandatory":[145],"standards":[146],"Green":[148],"Mark":[149],"centralized":[151],"administration,":[152],"digital":[153],"review,":[154],"targeted":[156],"incentives.":[157],"does":[160,171],"not":[161,216],"support":[162],"causal":[164],"ranking":[165],"cities,":[169],"nor":[170],"show":[173,195],"speed":[176],"equivalent":[178],"performance.":[181],"Its":[182],"contribution":[183],"distinguish":[187],"stringency":[189],"from":[190],"friction":[192],"why":[196],"delay,":[197],"uncertainty,":[198],"fragmented":[200],"review":[201],"be":[203],"economically":[204],"consequential":[205],"independently":[206],"standards.":[210],"policy":[212],"objective":[213],"therefore":[215],"simply":[217],"less":[220],"but":[222],"high":[223],"disciplined,":[227],"proportionate,":[228],"administration.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}