{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224991077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","title":"Evaluating the Thermodynamic Structure of Saharan Air Layer Events Using the Galvez\u2010Davison Index","display_name":"Evaluating the Thermodynamic Structure of Saharan Air Layer Events Using the Galvez\u2010Davison Index","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224991077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026jd047130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026JD047130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026JD047130","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149258583","display_name":"Hank Dolce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5655-0285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5655-0285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. H.\u00a0Hank Dolce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge LA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5655-0285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge LA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101711522","display_name":"Paul W. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-8295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-8295","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-6223","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8801-1713","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8441-4109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul W. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coastal Studies Institute Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge LA USA","Department of Geography University of Georgia  Athens GA USA","Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge LA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-8295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coastal Studies Institute Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge LA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography University of Georgia  Athens GA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge LA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5149258583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73893561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"131","issue":"21","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.7056000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.7056000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.2476000040769577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saharan-air-layer","display_name":"Saharan Air Layer","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-instability","display_name":"convective instability","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-suppression","display_name":"convective suppression","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saharan-dust-transport","display_name":"Saharan dust transport","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-north-atlantic","display_name":"tropical North Atlantic","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-structure","display_name":"thermodynamic structure","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merra-2","display_name":"MERRA-2","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caribbean-sea","display_name":"Caribbean Sea","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-mass-modification","display_name":"air mass modification","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.7566999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5512999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5371999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194171494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500209","display_name":"Free convective layer","level":3,"score":0.47510001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29141058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8092","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89298926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374640","display_name":"Atmospheric instability","level":3,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204861789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698340","display_name":"Air mass (solar energy)","level":3,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182243455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129351","display_name":"Convective inhibition","level":5,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155491033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268911","display_name":"Convective instability","level":3,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153981231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660968","display_name":"Mesoscale convective system","level":3,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50660011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530","display_name":"Tropics","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29712183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739293","display_name":"Barotropic fluid","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61939431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129355","display_name":"Convective available potential energy","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83404686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537536","display_name":"Warm front","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200711233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931652","display_name":"Atmospheric convection","level":3,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75778745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342626","display_name":"Lag","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776172968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135712","display_name":"Tropical climate","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026jd047130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026JD047130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026jd047130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026jd047130","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2026JD047130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224991077.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224991077.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992955350","https://openalex.org/W2008056674","https://openalex.org/W2009247415","https://openalex.org/W2016022149","https://openalex.org/W2028213053","https://openalex.org/W2035683766","https://openalex.org/W2046081398","https://openalex.org/W2049139635","https://openalex.org/W2064943738","https://openalex.org/W2115573591","https://openalex.org/W2134057003","https://openalex.org/W2152734592","https://openalex.org/W2155606490","https://openalex.org/W2169126836","https://openalex.org/W2509245384","https://openalex.org/W2606260864","https://openalex.org/W2761998867","https://openalex.org/W2894444824","https://openalex.org/W2908542221","https://openalex.org/W3123747562","https://openalex.org/W3128356269","https://openalex.org/W3148089486","https://openalex.org/W3157980795","https://openalex.org/W3174377615","https://openalex.org/W4281557391","https://openalex.org/W4384154341","https://openalex.org/W4387744452","https://openalex.org/W4390576767","https://openalex.org/W4391351240","https://openalex.org/W4414532646","https://openalex.org/W7137925567","https://openalex.org/W7206149136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147856619","https://openalex.org/W2510329007","https://openalex.org/W4365453068","https://openalex.org/W2995331863","https://openalex.org/W2992002078","https://openalex.org/W2028213053","https://openalex.org/W4390576767","https://openalex.org/W760115438","https://openalex.org/W2049436757","https://openalex.org/W1981301993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,71,126,163],"Saharan":[2],"Air":[3],"Layer":[4],"(SAL)":[5],"is":[6,35],"a":[7,36,50,102,121,249],"warm,":[8],"dry,":[9],"and":[10,63,95,114,160],"stable":[11,38],"air":[12,39,215,242],"mass":[13,243],"that":[14,92,169,204],"carries":[15],"millions":[16],"of":[17,19,49,81,106,133,177,195,221,248],"tons":[18],"dust":[20,201,223],"annually,":[21],"disrupting":[22],"otherwise":[23],"intense":[24],"convection":[25],"in":[26,85,186,230,239,245],"the":[27,33,47,79,118,137,149,175,178,189,205,219,228,234,246],"tropical":[28,86,97,138],"North":[29,139],"Atlantic":[30],"Ocean.":[31],"Because":[32],"SAL":[34,51,107,235],"statically":[37],"mass,":[40],"convective":[41,55,124,207],"instability":[42,83],"parameters":[43],"can":[44,237],"help":[45],"identify":[46],"presence":[48],"event,":[52],"though":[53,154],"most":[54,164,183],"indices":[56],"are":[57],"designed":[58],"for":[59,89,123,130],"forecasting":[60],"mid\u2010latitude":[61],"convection,":[62],"struggle":[64],"when":[65],"applied":[66],"to":[67,77,109,147,199,213],"more":[68],"barotropic":[69],"settings.":[70],"Galvez\u2010Davison":[72],"Index":[73],"(GDI)":[74],"was":[75,128,168,172],"developed":[76],"improve":[78],"skill":[80],"traditional":[82],"metrics":[84],"latitudes,":[87],"accounting":[88],"thermodynamic":[90,112],"factors":[91],"both":[93],"enhance":[94],"inhibit":[96],"convection.":[98],"This":[99,192],"study":[100],"uses":[101],"pre\u2010established":[103],"data":[104],"set":[105],"events":[108],"evaluate":[110],"their":[111],"structure":[113],"evolution":[115],"by":[116],"leveraging":[117],"GDI":[119,127,141,171,197,231],"as":[120],"proxy":[122],"instability.":[125],"calculated":[129],"45":[131],"years":[132],"MERRA\u20102":[134],"reanalysis":[135],"over":[136],"Atlantic.":[140],"characteristics":[142],"near":[143],"SALs":[144],"were":[145],"found":[146],"reflect":[148],"known":[150],"intra\u2010SAL":[151,170],"stability":[152],"patterns,":[153],"they":[155],"also":[156],"reveal":[157],"large":[158],"spatial":[159],"temporal":[161],"variations.":[162],"apparent":[165],"pattern":[166],"discovered":[167],"lowest":[173],"at":[174,218],"end":[176],"SAL's":[179],"life":[180],"cycle,":[181],"which":[182],"frequently":[184],"occurs":[185,209],"or":[187,225],"around":[188],"Caribbean":[190],"Sea.":[191],"eastward":[193],"displacement":[194],"minimum":[196],"relative":[198],"maximum":[200],"transport":[202],"suggests":[203],"strongest":[206],"suppression":[208],"after":[210],"prolonged":[211],"exposure":[212],"SAL\u2010modified":[214],"rather":[216],"than":[217],"time":[220],"highest":[222],"concentration":[224],"transport.":[226],"Specifically,":[227],"lag":[229],"decline":[232],"following":[233],"passage":[236],"assist":[238],"evaluating":[240],"total":[241],"modifications":[244],"wake":[247],"SAL.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-11-01T00:00:00"}