{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224969786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","title":"Kolb-Based Experiential Learning: Impact of Real-Patient Integration on Refraction Skills and Course Experience Among Undergraduate Optometry Students","display_name":"Kolb-Based Experiential Learning: Impact of Real-Patient Integration on Refraction Skills and Course Experience Among Undergraduate Optometry Students","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224969786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42979160","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13729868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/amep.s646416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765062736","display_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","issn_l":"1179-7258","issn":["1179-7258"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121602","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061779109","display_name":"Luoming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-9176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-9176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luoming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350000, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-9176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350000, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160222120","display_name":"Yan Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350000, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350000, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160186819","display_name":"Yinhe Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263561","display_name":"Quanzhou Women and Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02scvt034","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263561"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yinhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Quanzhou Maternity and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Quanzhou Maternity and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263561"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160186819"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263561"],"apc_list":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"apc_paid":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87413974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 17","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.6323000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.6323000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.33570000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experiential-learning","display_name":"experiential learning","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kolb-s-experiential-learning-cycle","display_name":"Kolb's learning cycle","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifest-refraction","display_name":"subjective refraction","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry-education","display_name":"optometry education","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflective-practice","display_name":"reflective practice","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-skills-assessment","display_name":"clinical skills assessment","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-experience","display_name":"course experience","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-volunteers","display_name":"student volunteers","score":0.3199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.8331000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6036999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5432000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132758656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5307365","display_name":"Dreyfus model of skill acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22156102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341294","display_name":"Educational measurement","level":3,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72277","display_name":"Refraction","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781093698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18386005","display_name":"Subjective refraction","level":4,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205333247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1602656","display_name":"Self-assessment","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2147/amep.s646416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765062736","display_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","issn_l":"1179-7258","issn":["1179-7258"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13729868","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13729868/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13729868/pdf/AMEP-17-646416.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adv Med Educ Pract","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42979160","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42979160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in medical education and practice","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1c9cdbbaea84aa78afbf93cbbc079ba","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1c9cdbbaea84aa78afbf93cbbc079ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice, Vol Volume 17, Iss Issue 1, Pp 1-10 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dovepress.com/121602","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/kolb-based-experiential-learning-impact-of-real-patient-integration-on-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AMEP","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401012","display_name":"Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/amep.s646416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s646416","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765062736","display_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","issn_l":"1179-7258","issn":["1179-7258"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5309774186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J23035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328113","funder_display_name":"Fujian Medical University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328113","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02kd4km72"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224969786.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224969786.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969770760","https://openalex.org/W2089974261","https://openalex.org/W2157571553","https://openalex.org/W4412758428","https://openalex.org/W4412901663","https://openalex.org/W4412987674","https://openalex.org/W4413207029","https://openalex.org/W4414283032","https://openalex.org/W4417260875","https://openalex.org/W7126208676","https://openalex.org/W7127054479","https://openalex.org/W7128784431","https://openalex.org/W7129036132","https://openalex.org/W7131126868","https://openalex.org/W7143917663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377822320","https://openalex.org/W7220784200","https://openalex.org/W2900076751","https://openalex.org/W4281251436","https://openalex.org/W1919212532","https://openalex.org/W4312891988","https://openalex.org/W2064855357","https://openalex.org/W2138436583","https://openalex.org/W4206116291","https://openalex.org/W6944335612"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"The":[1,233],"Refraction":[2,38],"Technique":[3,39],"course":[4,145,257],"is":[5],"central":[6],"to":[7,16,211],"optometric":[8],"education,":[9],"yet":[10],"traditional":[11,24],"teaching":[12],"methods":[13],"often":[14],"fail":[15],"prepare":[17],"students":[18,26,81,97,180],"for":[19],"real-world":[20],"clinical":[21,155,229,260],"complexity.":[22],"Following":[23,84],"instruction,":[25],"underwent":[27],"an":[28],"experiential":[29,42,102],"learning":[30,43,103],"intervention":[31,65,168],"that":[32],"integrated":[33],"real":[34],"patients":[35],"into":[36],"the":[37,94,149,167,173,178],"course.":[40],"Kolb's":[41],"theory":[44],"provided":[45],"a":[46,49,68,75,100,108,114,160,241,269],"framework":[47],"through":[48],"cyclical":[50],"process":[51],"of":[52,143,172,221,235],"concrete":[53,132],"experience,":[54,146],"reflection,":[55],"conceptualization,":[56],"and":[57,60,89,127,154,169,196,198,227,259],"experimentation.":[58],"Patients":[59],"Methods:":[61],"A":[62],"longitudinal":[63],"pre-post":[64,249],"study":[66],"without":[67],"concurrent":[69],"control":[70],"group":[71],"was":[72,253],"conducted":[73],"at":[74],"single-centre":[76,248],"among":[77],"85":[78],"undergraduate":[79],"optometry":[80],"in":[82,99,138,184,217,276],"China.":[83],"identical":[85],"systematic":[86],"theoretical":[87],"training":[88,272],"supervised":[90],"peer-simulation":[91],"delivered":[92],"by":[93,123],"same":[95],"instructors,":[96],"participated":[98],"Kolb-based":[101],"intervention.":[104],"This":[105],"involved":[106],"performing":[107],"full":[109],"subjective":[110],"refraction":[111],"examination":[112,236,264],"on":[113],"screened,":[115],"non-optometry":[116],"student":[117],"volunteer":[118],"within":[119],"60":[120],"minutes,":[121],"followed":[122],"structured":[124],"small-group":[125],"discussions":[126],"individual":[128],"reflective":[129,174],"reports":[130],"requiring":[131],"action":[133],"plans.":[134],"Outcomes":[135],"were":[136,164],"measured":[137],"two":[139],"domains:":[140],"students'":[141],"perceptions":[142],"their":[144],"assessed":[147,158],"with":[148,159,214,255],"Course":[150,192],"Experience":[151],"Questionnaire":[152],"(CEQ),":[153],"skill":[156,161],"performance,":[157,261],"assessment.":[162],"Both":[163],"administered":[165],"before":[166],"after":[170],"completion":[171],"reports.":[175],"Results:":[176],"After":[177],"intervention,":[179],"showed":[181],"significant":[182,242],"improvements":[183],"all":[185],"CEQ":[186],"dimensions":[187],"(all":[188,231],"p<0.001),":[189,213],"including":[190],"Overall":[191],"Experience,":[193],"Clear":[194],"Goals":[195],"Standards,":[197],"Appropriate":[199],"Learning":[200],"Tasks.":[201],"Skill":[202],"assessment":[203],"total":[204],"scores":[205],"also":[206],"increased":[207],"significantly":[208],"(median:":[209],"81.00":[210],"87.00,":[212],"notable":[215],"gains":[216],"procedural":[218],"completeness/sequencing,":[219],"standardization":[220],"instrument":[222],"operation":[223],"(p=0.004),":[224],"communication":[225],"clarity,":[226],"overall":[228],"competence":[230],"p<0.001).":[232],"accuracy":[234],"results":[237],"did":[238],"not":[239,263],"show":[240],"change":[243],"(p=0.072).":[244],"Conclusion:":[245],"In":[246],"this":[247],"study,":[250],"real-patient":[251],"integration":[252],"associated":[254],"better":[256],"experience":[258],"though":[262],"accuracy.":[265],"Campus":[266],"volunteers":[267],"offer":[268],"feasible,":[270],"low-cost":[271],"resource,":[273],"pending":[274],"confirmation":[275],"controlled":[277],"studies.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}