{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224962249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","title":"Design and Analysis of Functionally Graded Delta-Type Spacer in a Three-Phase Green Gas-Insulated Busduct Under Various Abnormalities","display_name":"Design and Analysis of Functionally Graded Delta-Type Spacer in a Three-Phase Green Gas-Insulated Busduct Under Various Abnormalities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224962249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/designs10060122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222353","display_name":"Designs","issn_l":"2411-9660","issn":["2411-9660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Designs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160209595","display_name":"Nallagatla Vasundhara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6612-4783","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6612-4783"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800401362","display_name":"Government of Andhra Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/045mrnd19","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800401362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52035452","display_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur","ror":"https://ror.org/02rw39616","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52035452"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nallagatla Vasundhara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government Polytechnic for Women, Kadapa 516002, Andhra Pradesh, India","Research Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Anantapur 515002, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6612-4783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government Polytechnic for Women, Kadapa 516002, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800401362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Anantapur 515002, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52035452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766243","display_name":"Gundavarapu V. Nagesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-7708","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-7708"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52035452","display_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur","ror":"https://ror.org/02rw39616","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52035452"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkata Nagesh Kumar Gundavarapu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering Kalikiri, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Kalikiri 517234, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-7708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering Kalikiri, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Kalikiri 517234, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52035452"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037028955","display_name":"Naresh Kumar Vemula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-8041","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-8041"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100463","display_name":"SRM University, Andhra Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/013vs5h31","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100463"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naresh Kumar Vemula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University AP, Amaravati 522240, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University AP, Amaravati 522240, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100463"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037028955"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100463"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70648492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"122","last_page":"122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10511","display_name":"High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10511","display_name":"High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14502","display_name":"High-Voltage Power Transmission Systems","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11808","display_name":"Superconducting Materials and Applications","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functionally-graded-materials","display_name":"functionally graded materials","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-gas","display_name":"green gas","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field-distribution","display_name":"electric field distribution","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protrusion-defects","display_name":"protrusion defects","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delamination","display_name":"delamination","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-field-enhancement","display_name":"local field enhancement","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-voltage-insulation","display_name":"high-voltage insulation","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.6884999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34800285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159395","display_name":"Conductor","level":2,"score":0.6715999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98375054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442709","display_name":"Enclosure","level":2,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778282533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279055","display_name":"Sulfur hexafluoride","level":2,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88182573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139740","display_name":"High voltage","level":3,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119288801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901028","display_name":"Global-warming potential","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58570533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55451","display_name":"Electric potential","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62464604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370017","display_name":"Embedment","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513153333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663","display_name":"Aluminium","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173871940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471846","display_name":"Three-phase","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31555180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523867","display_name":"Material properties","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102019270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280602","display_name":"Solid-fuel rocket","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/designs10060122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222353","display_name":"Designs","issn_l":"2411-9660","issn":["2411-9660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Designs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/designs10060122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs10060122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222353","display_name":"Designs","issn_l":"2411-9660","issn":["2411-9660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Designs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661036075","https://openalex.org/W1974653414","https://openalex.org/W2017318685","https://openalex.org/W2064084686","https://openalex.org/W2095208441","https://openalex.org/W2911680801","https://openalex.org/W3000602714","https://openalex.org/W3015950289","https://openalex.org/W3083675182","https://openalex.org/W3106576933","https://openalex.org/W3110975916","https://openalex.org/W3111490203","https://openalex.org/W3112822769","https://openalex.org/W3167831672","https://openalex.org/W3193335547","https://openalex.org/W3215769503","https://openalex.org/W4213174676","https://openalex.org/W4224240263","https://openalex.org/W4226244888","https://openalex.org/W4285173307","https://openalex.org/W4288064478","https://openalex.org/W4307286019","https://openalex.org/W4319994070","https://openalex.org/W4401585257","https://openalex.org/W4411495643","https://openalex.org/W4413283562","https://openalex.org/W4416813417","https://openalex.org/W6888851667","https://openalex.org/W7131648713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3052001870","https://openalex.org/W4399397136","https://openalex.org/W4401585257","https://openalex.org/W3110975916","https://openalex.org/W4392873047","https://openalex.org/W4390145205","https://openalex.org/W3083675182","https://openalex.org/W3086011062","https://openalex.org/W3118696295","https://openalex.org/W3152679847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gas-insulated":[0],"busducts":[1,62],"(GIBs)":[2],"require":[3],"spacer":[4,91],"designs":[5],"that":[6,223,241],"can":[7,21,249],"maintain":[8],"a":[9,72,81,85,93,246],"controlled":[10],"electric":[11,140,148,174,208,230,252],"field":[12,19,141,149,175,209,231,253],"distribution":[13],"under":[14,98],"high-voltage":[15],"operating":[16],"conditions.":[17,103],"Local":[18],"enhancement":[20],"occur":[22],"at":[23,143,192,200],"critical":[24,145],"regions":[25],"of":[26,33,49,84],"the":[27,31,47,134,139,144,154,159,167,170,173,181,187,193,203,207,212,224,256],"spacer,":[28],"particularly":[29],"in":[30,60,255],"presence":[32],"manufacturing":[34],"and":[35,101,113,162,184,189,216,235],"service-related":[36],"defects.":[37],"The":[38,147,219,237],"shift":[39],"toward":[40],"environmentally":[41],"sustainable":[42],"power":[43],"equipment":[44],"is":[45,57,131,151],"driving":[46],"replacement":[48],"sulphur":[50],"hexafluoride":[51],"(SF6),":[52],"whose":[53],"global":[54],"warming":[55],"potential":[56],"very":[58],"high,":[59],"gas-insulated":[61,96],"(GIBs).":[63],"Green":[64],"gas":[65],"mixtures":[66],"such":[67,76],"as":[68],"g3":[69],"(C4F7N/CO2)":[70],"offer":[71],"low-GWP":[73],"alternative":[74],"for":[75,92,123,158,180,186],"systems.":[77],"This":[78],"study":[79],"presents":[80],"numerical":[82,238],"investigation":[83],"functionally":[86],"graded":[87,115],"material":[88],"(FGM)":[89],"delta-type":[90,260],"three-phase":[94,258],"green":[95],"busduct":[97],"protrusion,":[99],"void,":[100],"delamination":[102],"Three":[104],"FGM":[105,214,243],"grading":[106,226,244],"configurations,":[107],"namely,":[108],"low-graded":[109],"(GL-FGM),":[110],"high-graded":[111],"(GH-FGM),":[112],"U-shaped":[114],"(GU-FGM),":[116],"are":[117],"investigated":[118,194,213],"with":[119,245],"three":[120],"permittivity":[121],"cases":[122],"each":[124],"configuration.":[125],"A":[126],"recessed":[127,247],"metal":[128],"insert":[129],"(MI)":[130],"incorporated":[132],"near":[133],"enclosure":[135],"end":[136],"to":[137],"control":[138],"concentration":[142,254],"region.":[146],"stress":[150,176,210,232],"evaluated":[152],"using":[153],"finite":[155],"element":[156],"method":[157],"R,":[160],"Y,":[161],"B":[163,190],"conductor":[164,217],"phases.":[165,218],"In":[166],"initial":[168],"analysis,":[169],"MI":[171,204,248],"reduces":[172,206],"by":[177],"approximately":[178],"24.65%":[179],"R":[182],"phase":[183],"39%":[185],"Y":[188],"phases":[191],"voltage":[195],"levels.":[196],"Under":[197],"defect":[198],"conditions":[199],"765":[201],"kV,":[202],"consistently":[205],"across":[211],"configurations":[215],"results":[220],"also":[221],"show":[222],"C-3":[225],"generally":[227],"produces":[228],"lower":[229],"than":[233],"C-1":[234],"C-2.":[236],"findings":[239],"indicate":[240],"combining":[242],"reduce":[250],"local":[251],"proposed":[257],"GIB":[259],"spacer.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}