{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224959807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","title":"Hierarchy of spindle forces in prometaphase","display_name":"Hierarchy of spindle forces in prometaphase","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224959807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/30/2026.10.28.762694.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/30/2026.10.28.762694.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026810848","display_name":"Wenzheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-8497","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-8497"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36672615","display_name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/037tm7f56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164942","display_name":"Allen Institute for Cell Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05kg6bp11","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341","https://openalex.org/I4210164942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA","Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-8497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016812837","display_name":"Fioranna Renda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-7617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-7617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298060332","display_name":"New York State Department of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04hf5kq57","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339417872","display_name":"Wadsworth Center","ror":"https://ror.org/050kf9c55","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332","https://openalex.org/I1339417872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fioranna Renda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-7617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332","https://openalex.org/I1339417872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073934674","display_name":"Alexey L. Khodjakov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-3707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-3707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298060332","display_name":"New York State Department of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04hf5kq57","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339417872","display_name":"Wadsworth Center","ror":"https://ror.org/050kf9c55","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332","https://openalex.org/I1339417872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey Khodjakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-3707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332","https://openalex.org/I1339417872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036077055","display_name":"Christopher E. Miles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-403X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-403X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher E. Miles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-403X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035607641","display_name":"Alex Mogilner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-2404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-2404","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9310-3812"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36672615","display_name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/037tm7f56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Mogilner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA","Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9310-3812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035607641"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10492","display_name":"Microtubule and mitosis dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10492","display_name":"Microtubule and mitosis dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10222","display_name":"Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10379","display_name":"Cellular Mechanics and Interactions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitotic-spindle-assembly","display_name":"mitotic spindle assembly","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prometaphase","display_name":"prometaphase","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spindle-forces","display_name":"spindle forces","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromosome-congression","display_name":"chromosome congression","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycomb-repressive-complex-1","display_name":"PRC1","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steric-repulsion","display_name":"steric repulsion","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/force-reconstruction","display_name":"force reconstruction","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154202817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14763006","display_name":"Prometaphase","level":5,"score":0.9467999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70547292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12386518","display_name":"Spindle pole body","level":5,"score":0.8126999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918594","display_name":"Spindle apparatus","level":4,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778354886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113927","display_name":"Chromosome segregation","level":4,"score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93304396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14763008","display_name":"Mitosis","level":2,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3453395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935034","display_name":"Multipolar spindles","level":5,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175732170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9064829","display_name":"Spindle checkpoint","level":5,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30481170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37748","display_name":"Chromosome","level":3,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192838845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908912","display_name":"Kinetochore","level":4,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70278784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574427","display_name":"Metaphase","level":4,"score":0.26649999618530273}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/30/2026.10.28.762694.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.28.762694","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/30/2026.10.28.762694.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1543946372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS - 245126 3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2427392543","display_name":"DMS/NIGMS 1: Decoding RNA splicing dynamics from static images using mechanistic stochastic modeling","funder_award_id":"2451263","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7361694222","display_name":"CAREER: Learning stochastic spatiotemporal dynamics in single-molecule genetics","funder_award_id":"2545859","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8603510745","display_name":"Multipronged Modeling of Subcellular Self-Organization","funder_award_id":"1953430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8795639847","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM130298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224959807.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224959807.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405070905","https://openalex.org/W3132894793","https://openalex.org/W7203836130","https://openalex.org/W2077575392","https://openalex.org/W2059673434","https://openalex.org/W2015811185","https://openalex.org/W2168005596","https://openalex.org/W7125909729","https://openalex.org/W4402831126","https://openalex.org/W2158890128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Dramatic":[1],"movements":[2,32,161],"characterize":[3],"rapid":[4,43],"assembly":[5],"of":[6,28,52,105,116,138,143,153,162,197,219],"mitotic":[7,148],"spindle":[8,15,18,55,69,106,149,171,190],"in":[9,57,111,155,166],"prometaphase:":[10],"chromosomes":[11,53,76,165],"congress":[12],"to":[13,128,135,168,209,216],"the":[14,23,36,42,58,68,121,132,170,176,181,189,202,213],"equator,":[16],"while":[17],"poles":[19,56,107,191],"segregate":[20],"rapidly":[21],"elongating":[22],"spindle.":[24],"Direct":[25],"biophysical":[26],"measurements":[27,152],"forces":[29,37,92,104,154,177,187],"driving":[30],"these":[31,117,198],"are":[33,93,109,157,178],"lacking,":[34],"but":[35],"could":[38],"be":[39],"learned":[40],"from":[41],"pole":[44],"and":[45,54,60,66,97,134,164,192,215],"chromosome":[46,139,220],"movements.":[47],"We":[48,159,173],"analyzed":[49],"3D":[50],"trajectories":[51],"wild-type":[59],"PRC1-depleted":[61],"cells":[62],"during":[63],"early":[64],"prometaphase":[65,144,156,167],"reconstructed":[67],"forces.":[70,172],"This":[71],"analysis":[72],"posits":[73],"that":[74,120,175,201],"(i)":[75],"do":[77],"not":[78],"interact":[79],"with":[80,180],"each":[81],"other,":[82],"except":[83],"for":[84,147],"a":[85],"short-range":[86],"steric":[87],"repulsion,":[88],"(ii)":[89],"effective":[90],"pole-chromosome":[91],"repulsive":[94],"at":[95,99],"short":[96],"attractive":[98],"long":[100],"distances,":[101],"(iii)":[102],"dominant":[103],"segregation":[108,123,204],"interpolar":[110,182],"origin.":[112],"The":[113,194],"important":[114,195],"implication":[115,196],"results":[118,199],"is":[119,124,145,200,205],"pole-pole":[122,203],"robust,":[125,206],"largely":[126,207],"insensitive":[127,208],"regional":[129,210],"variations":[130,211],"inside":[131,212],"cell":[133,214],"complex":[136,217],"process":[137,218],"congression.":[140,221],"SIGNIFICANCE":[141],"Mechanics":[142],"crucial":[146],"assembly,":[150],"yet":[151],"lacking.":[158],"use":[160],"centrosomes":[163],"reconstruct":[169],"find":[174],"hierarchical,":[179],"force":[183],"balance":[184],"dominating":[185],"smaller":[186],"between":[188],"chromosomes.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}