{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224958755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","title":"Schooling under chronic insecurity: an ecological mixed methods study of violence in Palestinian schools","display_name":"Schooling under chronic insecurity: an ecological mixed methods study of violence in Palestinian schools","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224958755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043896055","display_name":"Caesar Hakim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0850-3182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0850-3182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17533244","display_name":"An-Najah National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0046mja08","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17533244"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB","PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caesar Hakim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University","School of Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17533244"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160164923","display_name":"Freddie O\u2019Donald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800860831","display_name":"NHS Tayside","ror":"https://ror.org/000ywep40","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800860831"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Freddie O\u2019Donald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Child Health, NHS Tayside","School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Child Health, NHS Tayside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800860831"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045499313","display_name":"Clara Calia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-6361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-6361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clara Calia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045499313","https://openalex.org/A5160164923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800860831","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91558895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.4124000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.4124000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13014","display_name":"Peace and Human Rights Education","score":0.24390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10426","display_name":"Child Abuse and Trauma","score":0.0640999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-violence","display_name":"school violence","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-safety","display_name":"school safety","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palestinian-schools","display_name":"Palestinian schools","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-bank","display_name":"West Bank","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-occupation","display_name":"military occupation","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-climate","display_name":"school climate","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-counselors","display_name":"school counselors","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trauma-informed-approach","display_name":"trauma-informed approach","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-school-approach","display_name":"whole-school approach","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-well-being","display_name":"student well-being","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191797","display_name":"Aggression","level":2,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993228822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145436","display_name":"School violence","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778931283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30324730","display_name":"School climate","level":2,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172606299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551073","display_name":"Social ecological model","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018316026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36678","display_name":"West bank","level":3,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295872","display_name":"Ecological systems theory","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80245801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477475","display_name":"Semi-structured interview","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156393514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800","display_name":"Multimethodology","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456743","display_name":"Peace education","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a08f280b0dd48b9835503bc32700846","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a08f280b0dd48b9835503bc32700846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education, Vol 11 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1997760/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224958755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224958755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2004716899","https://openalex.org/W2010381355","https://openalex.org/W2049261775","https://openalex.org/W2125865087","https://openalex.org/W2155013980","https://openalex.org/W2254735081","https://openalex.org/W2289014754","https://openalex.org/W2301227579","https://openalex.org/W2325602917","https://openalex.org/W2546620844","https://openalex.org/W2803346496","https://openalex.org/W2946285924","https://openalex.org/W2950709739","https://openalex.org/W3007246431","https://openalex.org/W3127233701","https://openalex.org/W4297394922","https://openalex.org/W4383315641","https://openalex.org/W4390035317","https://openalex.org/W4404974321","https://openalex.org/W4406183833","https://openalex.org/W4412192572","https://openalex.org/W4413037270","https://openalex.org/W7117565079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404579046","https://openalex.org/W7100118578","https://openalex.org/W2062074511","https://openalex.org/W2133808284","https://openalex.org/W2461836515","https://openalex.org/W3004896887","https://openalex.org/W3193971916","https://openalex.org/W4386035164","https://openalex.org/W3009766162","https://openalex.org/W2485857987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"School":[0],"safety":[1,24],"is":[2],"a":[3],"key":[4],"determinant":[5],"of":[6,15,35,87,104,163,172],"children's":[7],"wellbeing":[8],"and":[9,18,25,33,46,76,90,125,128,139,146,155,187,191],"educational":[10],"engagement,":[11],"particularly":[12],"in":[13,27,30,62,175],"contexts":[14,162],"military":[16],"occupation":[17],"prolonged":[19],"insecurity.":[20,165],"This":[21],"study":[22],"examines":[23],"violence":[26,88,118],"Palestinian":[28],"schools":[29,136,174],"Areas":[31],"C":[32],"H2":[34],"the":[36,122,150,170],"southern":[37],"West":[38],"Bank,":[39],"drawing":[40],"on":[41,131],"data":[42,56],"collected":[43,58],"between":[44],"April":[45],"June":[47],"2019.":[48],"A":[49],"sequential":[50],"mixed-methods":[51],"design":[52],"was":[53,100],"used.":[54],"Survey":[55],"were":[57],"from":[59],"1,062":[60],"students":[61],"grades":[63],"3\u221210":[64],"across":[65],"eight":[66],"public":[67],"schools,":[68],"followed":[69],"by":[70,102],"semi-structured":[71],"interviews":[72],"with":[73],"12":[74],"teachers":[75],"seven":[77],"school":[78,123],"counsellors.":[79],"Students":[80],"reported":[81,101,108],"frequent":[82],"exposure":[83,96],"to":[84,97,142,161],"multiple":[85],"forms":[86],"within":[89],"around":[91],"schools.":[92],"At":[93],"least":[94,113],"weekly":[95],"teacher-to-student":[98],"aggression":[99],"53.6%":[103],"students,":[105],"while":[106],"62.8%":[107],"witnessing":[109],"military-related":[110],"arrests":[111],"at":[112],"weekly.":[114],"Educators":[115],"described":[116],"this":[117],"as":[119],"cumulative,":[120],"shaping":[121],"climate":[124],"placing":[126],"emotional":[127],"professional":[129],"strain":[130],"staff.":[132],"Despite":[133],"these":[134,167],"challenges,":[135],"employed":[137],"relational":[138],"organisational":[140],"strategies":[141],"sustain":[143],"safety,":[144],"care,":[145],"learning.":[147],"Findings":[148],"highlight":[149],"need":[151],"for":[152,195],"trauma-informed,":[153],"relational,":[154],"whole-school":[156],"approaches":[157],"that":[158],"are":[159],"adaptable":[160],"chronic":[164],"Although":[166],"findings":[168],"reflect":[169],"circumstances":[171],"participating":[173],"2019":[176],"rather":[177],"than":[178],"contemporary":[179],"conditions,":[180],"policies":[181],"should":[182],"prioritise":[183],"staff":[184],"support,":[185],"culturally":[186],"contextually":[188],"responsive":[189],"practices,":[190],"equitable":[192],"resource":[193],"allocation":[194],"high-risk":[196],"settings.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
