{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224957552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","title":"Axial Orientation Recognition and Two-Stage Rotational Correction of Cucurbit Rootstock Seedlings","display_name":"Axial Orientation Recognition and Two-Stage Rotational Correction of Cucurbit Rootstock Seedlings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224957552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966490","display_name":"Chunfeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-3115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-3115","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0590-1049","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2880-7493"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146773158","display_name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/051qwcj72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunfeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0590-1049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160179552","display_name":"Yunpeng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2041-6578","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2041-6578"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146773158","display_name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/051qwcj72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2041-6578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138397182","display_name":"Jingye Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0656-4058","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0656-4058"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146773158","display_name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/051qwcj72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingye Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0656-4058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089324112","display_name":"YongBin Yue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146773158","display_name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/051qwcj72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbin Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160211653","display_name":"Jiasheng Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146773158","display_name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/051qwcj72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiasheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160211653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81323377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"2373","last_page":"2373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12201","display_name":"Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization","score":0.015200000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotational-correction","display_name":"rotation correction","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-vision","display_name":"machine vision","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar-angle-distribution","display_name":"polar angle distribution","score":0.8379999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385709","display_name":"Seedling","level":2,"score":0.8418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6887999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6427000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5921000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185476388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193026","display_name":"Cotyledon","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27406016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17216","display_name":"Rootstock","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79650220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530648","display_name":"Optical rotation","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9411552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185981","display_name":"Rotation period","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120934525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849149","display_name":"Absolute deviation","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.8409000039100647,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313895","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01b9fvd84"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001405200","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W3105224670","https://openalex.org/W4246202668","https://openalex.org/W4283656114","https://openalex.org/W4294151747","https://openalex.org/W4303574699","https://openalex.org/W4316664684","https://openalex.org/W4377115526","https://openalex.org/W4385423188","https://openalex.org/W4391241495","https://openalex.org/W4401685397","https://openalex.org/W4407153916","https://openalex.org/W4410346546","https://openalex.org/W4410506039","https://openalex.org/W7123350908","https://openalex.org/W7171515753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588143187","https://openalex.org/W2369555323","https://openalex.org/W7223188357","https://openalex.org/W2352229127","https://openalex.org/W4391891402","https://openalex.org/W2069405319","https://openalex.org/W4251670391","https://openalex.org/W4386239432","https://openalex.org/W2375162192","https://openalex.org/W4251748576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,43,51,55,60,66,72,98,107,112,123,142,159,165,168,189,192,212,215,221,235,243],"difficulty":[3],"of":[4,9,54,122,175,191,206,220],"stable":[5,239],"axial":[6,27,218],"orientation":[7,28],"determination":[8],"cucurbit":[10],"rootstock":[11],"seedlings":[12,117],"under":[13,242],"random":[14],"initial":[15,126],"postures,":[16],"true-leaf":[17,124,127,130],"interference,":[18],"and":[19,30,37,59,84,111,129,194,208],"mechanical":[20,35],"occlusion":[21],"during":[22],"mechanized":[23],"grafting,":[24],"a":[25,85,155],"two-stage":[26],"recognition":[29,241],"rotational":[31],"correction":[32],"method":[33,89,103,110,170,237],"integrating":[34],"constraint":[36],"machine":[38],"vision":[39],"was":[40,48,62,94,104,148,162,224],"proposed.":[41],"In":[42,71,133,154,164,187],"first":[44],"stage,":[45,74,167],"seedling":[46,61,200],"posture":[47],"normalized":[49],"using":[50],"PCA":[52,114,195],"axis":[53],"whole":[56],"green":[57],"region,":[58],"rotated":[63],"to":[64,96],"avoid":[65],"leaf":[67,77],"hold-down":[68],"ring":[69,82],"handle.":[70],"second":[73,166],"mechanically":[75],"occluded":[76],"regions":[78],"were":[79,118],"restored":[80],"after":[81,146],"constraint,":[83],"minimum-span":[86],"half-area":[87],"window":[88],"based":[90],"on":[91,139],"polar-angle":[92],"distribution":[93],"proposed":[95,169,236],"determine":[97],"directed":[99],"cotyledon":[100,223],"axis.":[101],"The":[102],"compared":[105],"with":[106,180,199],"rotation-center\u2013cotyledon-centroid":[108],"line":[109],"single-cotyledon":[113],"method.":[115],"Fifty":[116],"tested":[119],"at":[120],"each":[121],"emergence,":[125],"expansion,":[128],"extension":[131],"stages.":[132,186],"150":[134,229],"first-stage":[135],"rotation":[136,147],"trials":[137],"conducted":[138],"50":[140],"seedlings,":[141],"absolute":[143,173],"PCA-axis":[144],"deviation":[145,219],"within":[149],"1.5\u00b0":[150],"in":[151],"every":[152],"trial.":[153],"separate":[156],"handle-avoidance":[157],"test,":[158],"avoidance":[160],"rate":[161],"100%.":[163],"yielded":[171],"median":[172,204],"errors":[174,190,205],"0.71\u00b0\u20131.26\u00b0":[176],"for":[177,227],"both":[178],"cotyledons,":[179],"no":[181],"significant":[182],"differences":[183],"among":[184],"growth":[185],"contrast,":[188],"centroid-line":[193],"methods":[196],"increased":[197],"significantly":[198],"development,":[201],"reaching":[202],"maximum":[203],"5.98\u00b0":[207],"19.22\u00b0,":[209],"respectively.":[210],"After":[211],"second-stage":[213],"rotation,":[214],"algorithm-derived":[216],"residual":[217],"right":[222],"below":[225],"1\u00b0":[226],"all":[228],"seedlings.":[230],"These":[231],"results":[232],"indicate":[233],"that":[234],"provides":[238],"cotyledon-axis":[240],"investigated":[244],"experimental":[245],"conditions.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
