{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224938804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","title":"Intelligent Democracy and Intelligent Epistocracy","display_name":"Intelligent Democracy and Intelligent Epistocracy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224938804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45217375","display_name":"Critical Review","issn_l":"0891-3811","issn":["0891-3811","1933-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Critical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018005271","display_name":"Adam F. Gibbons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-1146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-1146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165488957","display_name":"Lingnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0563pg902","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165488957"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adam F. Gibbons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy and Hong Kong Catastrophic Risk Centre , Lingnan University , Tuen Mun , Hong Kong SAR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy and Hong Kong Catastrophic Risk Centre , Lingnan University , Tuen Mun , Hong Kong SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165488957"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018005271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165488957"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95800511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10718","display_name":"Political Philosophy and Ethics","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistocracy","display_name":"epistocracy","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemic-democracy","display_name":"epistemic democracy","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-interaction","display_name":"institutional interaction","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-approach","display_name":"systems approach","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capture","display_name":"capture","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abuse-of-power","display_name":"abuse of power","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-institutions","display_name":"political institutions","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6876999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.683899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6126000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26499998569488525}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45217375","display_name":"Critical Review","issn_l":"0891-3811","issn":["0891-3811","1933-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Critical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08913811.2026.2745372?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45217375","display_name":"Critical Review","issn_l":"0891-3811","issn":["0891-3811","1933-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Critical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224938804.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224938804.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967768732","https://openalex.org/W2032924322","https://openalex.org/W2129996741","https://openalex.org/W2158392329","https://openalex.org/W2478397809","https://openalex.org/W2754910030","https://openalex.org/W2772002876","https://openalex.org/W2804722523","https://openalex.org/W2884821136","https://openalex.org/W2891564017","https://openalex.org/W2911288025","https://openalex.org/W2971868464","https://openalex.org/W2994124474","https://openalex.org/W3030441973","https://openalex.org/W3196158232","https://openalex.org/W3214892021","https://openalex.org/W4214718410","https://openalex.org/W4220846533","https://openalex.org/W4229916776","https://openalex.org/W4235137787","https://openalex.org/W4235632747","https://openalex.org/W4235720222","https://openalex.org/W4242194524","https://openalex.org/W4249038284","https://openalex.org/W4251303077","https://openalex.org/W4254969404","https://openalex.org/W4255547221","https://openalex.org/W4255866521","https://openalex.org/W4289201657","https://openalex.org/W4300373220","https://openalex.org/W4307301592","https://openalex.org/W4321187742","https://openalex.org/W4367055826","https://openalex.org/W4378191632","https://openalex.org/W4386021473","https://openalex.org/W4389895742","https://openalex.org/W4392411661","https://openalex.org/W4398254498","https://openalex.org/W4402655672","https://openalex.org/W4407215980","https://openalex.org/W4407682817","https://openalex.org/W4410389952","https://openalex.org/W4411739699","https://openalex.org/W4416666099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220741619","https://openalex.org/W7213295693","https://openalex.org/W4398254498","https://openalex.org/W7057213037","https://openalex.org/W4398254524","https://openalex.org/W7009718139","https://openalex.org/W7217974706","https://openalex.org/W7220685553","https://openalex.org/W4319598719","https://openalex.org/W2971868464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Intelligent":[1],"Democracy,":[2],"Jonathan":[3],"Benson":[4,20,94],"defends":[5],"democracy\u2019s":[6],"epistemic":[7],"merits.":[8],"However,":[9],"rather":[10],"than":[11,47],"focusing":[12],"on":[13,63],"the":[14,52,64,70,91,136],"abilities":[15],"of":[16,72,112],"individual":[17],"democratic":[18,106],"institutions,":[19,33],"advocates":[21,95],"a":[22],"systemic":[23,92],"perspective":[24,93],"according":[25],"to":[26,42,75,83,99,105],"which":[27],"we":[28],"must":[29],"understand":[30],"how":[31,118,131],"different":[32,110],"each":[34],"with":[35,123],"their":[36,77],"own":[37],"strengths":[38],"and":[39,85],"weaknesses,":[40],"interact":[41,122],"achieve":[43],"more":[44],"in":[45],"aggregate":[46],"any":[48],"could":[49],"alone.":[50],"At":[51],"same":[53],"time,":[54],"he":[55],"criticizes":[56],"alternative":[57],"political":[58],"systems,":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61,97,102],"epistocracy,":[62],"grounds":[65],"that":[66,90],"they":[67,138],"disproportionately":[68],"harm":[69],"ability":[71],"certain":[73],"groups":[74],"safeguard":[76],"interests":[78],"while":[79],"also":[80],"being":[81],"susceptible":[82],"capture":[84],"abuse.":[86],"This":[87],"paper":[88],"argues":[89],"applies":[96],"much":[98],"epistocratic":[100,113,119,132],"systems":[101,133],"it":[103],"does":[104],"systems.":[107],"By":[108],"considering":[109,117],"kinds":[111],"institutions\u2014and":[114],"especially":[115],"by":[116],"institutions":[120,125],"can":[121,129,134],"other":[124],"possessing":[126],"complementary":[127],"strengths\u2014we":[128],"see":[130],"overcome":[135],"challenges":[137],"face.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
